The Journal of Physical Education is a quarterly scientific journal specialized in publishing scientific research related to sports science, for the purposes of scientific publishing and promotions. It is issued by the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences / University of Baghdad. It was founded in (1990). The first issue was published in April (1990) and consisted of (10) Researches. The editor in chief was the Dean of the College of Physical Education Prof Dr. Ghassan Muhammad Sadiq, and the Editor manager was Dr. Ali Abdul-Zahra al-Hashemi. The Journal’s the editorial board consisted of the following: Dr. Nizar Majeed Al-Talib. Dr. Abd Ali Nassif. Dr. Abbas Ahmed al-Samarrai. Dr. Munther Hashem Al-Khatib Dr. Wajih Mahjob. Dr. Qasim Al-Mandalawi. Dr. Shamel Khameel.
College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of Baghdad
Comparative Study of the Time Variable Between Grab Start and Track Start Types in Freestyle Swimming for Elite Swimmers
Research aims to identify the time variable values between the two types of start: the Grab start and the track start in advanced freestyle swimming, and see the difference of the time variable between the two types of start: the Grab start and the track start in advanced freestyle swimming. To achieve the research objective, the researcher used a descriptive method using a comparative approach, as it was best suited to the research problem. The research sample was selected purposively, consisting of four (4) advanced swimmers from the national 100m freestyle team, representing 80% of the original research population of five (5) swimmers, due to injury, one of swimmer was excluded. The researchers conducted the test with video recording, and performed kinematic analysis of the swimmers using the Kinovea analysis software to extract the biomechanical variables related to start time. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed, and the researcher concluded that the swimmers achieved a shorter start time in the Grab start compared to starting from the track start, indicating its better in improving the overall performance time of the freestyle swim. The Grab start contributed to reducing the time of the start and entering the water more efficiently, due to faster reaction times and more efficient distribution of kinetic energy. Furthermore, the type of start used had a clear impact on gaining initial speed, which positively affected maintaining movement rhythm during the first meters of the swim race. The researcher recommends using the Grab start as a basically method in training and competitions in freestyle swimming for the advanced category, due to its superiority in reducing the time variable and improving the achievement, and the necessity of including special training for the start phase within the daily training units, with a focus on developing reaction speed and explosive power of the legs, also the necessity of using video recording and motion analysis to evaluate the swimmers’ performance in the start phase and correct technical errors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physical Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An analytical study of neuromuscular coupling at maximum load for weightlifters utilizing high-density electromyography of the surface for the snatch lift
this study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the neuromuscular coupling during maximal load performance (100% maximum performance of one-repetition) in the snatch lift among weightlifters, by using a high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG). The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach that have a correlational nature which included a sample of 12 weightlifters from the Al-Kadhimiya Sports Club with at least five years of training experience. The electrical activity (of the two main muscles involved in the second pull phase of the snatch lift, namely the vastus lateralis and the gluteus maximus), has been recorded, along with the analysis of motor unit discharge rate and muscle fiber conduction velocity by using an advanced decomposition algorithms. The results showed a strong correlation between the maximum strength and the neural discharge rate in the vastus lateralis muscle, as well as a significant correlation between the fiber conduction velocity in the same muscle and maximum strength (1RM) in the snatch lift. In addition, a moderate correlation has been also observed between the discharge rate in the gluteus maximus muscle and maximum strength, but the conduction velocity in this muscle has not reached the level of statistical significance. However, the main conclusions that have been based on the study's results indicate that neural efficiency, (particularly the regulation of discharge rate with the recruitment of high-threshold motor units during the second pull phase of the snatch lift), represents a fundamental determinant of strength production under maximum loads.
The Effect of the Hot Chair Strategy on Developing Cognitive Achievement in the Law of Volleyball among Female Students
The Hot Chair strategy is considered one of the cooperative learning strategies that relies on interactive dialogue and discussion among students to enhance cognitive understanding. This study aimed to identify the effect of the Hot Chair strategy on developing cognitive achievement in volleyball rules among female students. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-tests and post-tests. The study sample consisted of 60 female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad during the 2025–2026 academic year. The experimental group included 30 students who were taught using the Hot Chair strategy, while the control group consisted of 30 students who were taught using the traditional discussion method. To measure cognitive achievement, a Cognitive Achievement Test for Volleyball Rules was developed. The test was a multiple-choice exam consisting of 20 items covering key topics related to volleyball rules. The test items were designed according to the curriculum content and relevant scientific references to ensure their suitability and validity. The results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. These findings indicate the effectiveness of the Hot Chair strategy in improving students’ cognitive achievement in volleyball rules. The strategy provides an interactive learning environment based on dialogue, discussion, and active participation, which helps students better understand and comprehend the legal concepts of the game. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting the Hot Chair strategy in teaching volleyball rules in colleges of physical education and sports sciences and encouraging the use of active learning strategies in teaching different sports subjects.
The Effect of Contrast Training on the Development of Muscular Power and Selected Physiological Indicators in Advanced Basketball Players
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contrast training on the development of muscular power and selected physiological indicators in advanced basketball players. An experimental design with two equivalent groups was employed. The sample consisted of twelve players from Al-Difa’a Al-Jawi Basketball Club, who were randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The experimental group followed a contrast training program for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, while the control group continued their regular training program. The dependent variables included muscular power tests (vertical jump and seated medicine ball throw) and selected physiological indicators (resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate recovery). Pre- and post-tests were conducted for both groups. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in all physical and physiological variables in favor of the experimental group compared with the control group. These findings indicate that contrast training is an effective training method for enhancing muscular power and improving cardiovascular efficiency in advanced basketball players. The study concludes that incorporating contrast training into training programs can significantly contribute to improving physical performance and physiological adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches and practitioners adopt this training method within modern training programs for competitive basketball players.
The Effect of Tactical Exercises Based on Maximal Aerobic Capacity on Developing Some Physical Abilities and Fast Offensive Transition in Youth Basketball Players
Exclusive drills are acknowledged as good strategies to build physical and tactical condition in players, since they represent gaming situations and are related to the correlation of the physical exercise with training. If these drills are devised for maximum oxygen consumption (VMA), players will be able to exert themselves at or near their competitive intensity and/or work load, which in turn helps develop specific endurance, speed, strength, agility and quick directional change abilities. The research problem arises from the weakness of such capabilities, that are evident in youth players (mainly slow transition between defense and offense, less precision under fatigue). Therefore, tacks were practiced during seven weeks in a group of six junior players with two sessions per week and tests were performed. The investigator’s results show that the effectiveness of the training exercises is due to combining physical and tactical elements in a game-type training context, which enables some physical capacities and fast transitions on offense in basketball to be trained. According to these results, the study suggests including tactical games pr eg -specific to maximum aerobic power in youth training programs where intensity and variety of training loads should progressively range from moderate too intense for optimal physical an d technical effectiveness.
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Accompanied by A Point-Laser Device on Restoring the Functional Abilities of The Injured Shoulder Joint in Advanced Athletes Participating in Sports Activities
The study aimed to identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises on advanced athletes participating in sports activities who suffer from partial muscle tears in the shoulder joint. The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group design employing pre- and post-measurements, as it suited the nature of the study. The research population was intentionally selected from sports clubs and included athletes aged 20 years and above with partial shoulder muscle tears, while the main sample consisted of five players and an additional two players from the same population were used for the pilot study. The research problem was evident in the high incidence of shoulder injuries among athletes, especially in team sports such as basketball, handball, volleyball, and football goalkeepers, which deprived teams of their participation and affected performance levels. The results revealed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests, indicating improvements in muscular strength and shoulder joint range of motion. The rehabilitation exercises combined with the point-laser device contributed to a clear development in shoulder girdle muscle strength and improved range of motion in all directions, leading to the restoration of functional efficiency of the shoulder joint. The researcher recommended prioritizing physical and movement-based rehabilitation before surgical intervention in cases of shoulder tendon tears, emphasizing flexibility exercises due to their significant benefits, training athletes on proper protective movements during sudden injuries—such as correct falling techniques and avoiding landing on fully extended arms by internally rotating the shoulder—and using focused exercises such as anterior and posterior push-ups in their various forms as simple and continuous bodyweight exercises to strengthen the working muscles, given their ease of application at different times and locations.
The Impact of a Psychological Guidance Program on Reducing Role Conflict Among First-Degree Referees Participating in The Iraqi Stars League in Football
The first-class referees officiating the Iraqi Stars League are confronted with a variety of functions they execute during one refereeing season. Referee perform different tasks apart from opposing robots such as Main Referee, Assistant Referee, Fourth Official and Social and Professional Activities. Role conflict in this case may arise from the divergent and highly abstract expec­tations fostered by different role set members. With the incredible technical and competitive progress experienced by Iraqi Stars League and an increase in the amount of first-class referees’ pressure, there arises a pressing necessity to create scientifically based counseling programs that reduces role conflict among referees and develops their cognitive-behavioral capacities. This, in its turn, can be good for refereeing and decision-making on the field. Role conflict is considered one the psychological problems that can lead to increased anxiety, distraction and difficulty in making decisions, which have a harmful effect on referring level of performance. This research aims at indicating the effect of a counseling program as a mean of decreasing role conflict for first class referee in concrete situations in Iraq Star League (football). The study reached to the conclusion that counselling programmed had a positive and significant impact in lowering down the role conflict level of referees. The programmer also enhanced their psychological and professional adaption on duty performance in refereeing. Therefore, it is suggested to incorporate counseling program in the preparatory and development programs implemented by the Iraqi Football Association.
The effect of strength training on blood levels of (lysine and valine) in tennis players
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of strength training program on blood lysine and valine levels in tennis players. 6 players aged 18–20 years were sampled. The training intervention was implemented over 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Plasma lysine and valine were determined before and after the training period. Results indicated that the contents of lysine and valine increased evidently following training. The finding also indicated that muscle strength and endurance were significantly improved after the training program. It is possible to infer that the training program was beneficial for lysine and valine levels, muscle strength and tennis endurance in players.
The Effect of Plyo-agility Exercises on Improving agility and Developing Defensive Tracking ability in Basketball players Under 18 Years of Age
The purpose of this research is to show analysis about the effect of plyo-agility drills on agility and defensive rebound in under 18 female basketball players. It evaluates the effectiveness of such exercises for enhancing defensive speed and reactive agility. A pre-post with experiment group design tested the effects of exercise on 12 players from Al-Hilla Basketball Club through 24 sessions for 8 weeks. finding the agility time decreased from 12.5 to 8.25 sec indicating superior speed and reaction. Defensive rebounding repetition count was 17.17-24.17 showed a higher defensive reaction. In contrast, plyo-agility training markedly improves agility and defensive performance of volleyball players. It is recommended to integrate regularly and progressively these tasks into the training process of young players, to gradually increase their intensity, and to train on a cyclic basis for the maintenance of improvements.
An Analytical Historical Study of the Most Important Iraqi Paralympic Table Tennis Results Achieved Globally for the Period (2023-2025)
The Paralympic Games are considered the third global sporting event after the Olympic Games and the second World Cup for football, as the Paralympic Games are not sports competitions, but are the embodiment of the spirit of humanity, and the research aims to 1- Analyze and know the most important results of Iraqi Paralympic table tennis achieved globally for the period (2023-2025). 2- Analyzing and knowing the most important factors that contributed to achieving the achievement The historical-analytical method was used, the study population: they are all Iraqi players participating in the Arab, international and Paralympic championships. The study sample: It was selected in a deliberate way and included the medalists accredited in the Arab, international and Paralympic countries.The most important conclusions 1- The Iraqi table tennis achieved an achievement and a historic leap from qualifying from the quarter-finals in Nafsat 2021 to the gold and dominating the throne of the game in Paris 2024, which confirms the efficiency of the training programs of the training staff in technical, psychological and tactical preparation, winning and deciding the result, and the most important recommendations came to provide material and technical support for equipment and artificial sports limbs and the development of sports talents to ensure the continuation of the Achievement
Analytical Study of Touch Areas and Preparatory Movements Leading to The Touch in Epee Fencing in The Men's Team Final at The Paris 2024 Paralympics
In sports where technical performance is crucial, quantitative analysis methods have evolved to track skill performance using modern training methods and technology. This helps trainers evaluate training methods and detect performance issues. Coaches and athletes know that preliminary movements improve attack accuracy, but the association between motions (strikes, presses, crushes) and target regions (torso, armed arm, head) has not been thoroughly investigated. Lack of studies on Paralympic fencing's targeted contact regions and ambiguity around the most common preliminary actions highlight the research problem. The study examined epee fencers' successful movement sequences in the Paris 2024 Paralympic Games' final bouts and touch success rates by touch area (torso, head, armed arm). It also examined the use and success rates of anticipatory assault movements (strikes, pressures, crushes) by touch regions (torso, head, armed arm). To follow study procedures, researchers used descriptive and survey methods. Twelve epee fencers from Iraq, China, England, and Poland competed in the Paris 2024 Paralympics' final round. Technical and tactical performance focuses on touches from the armed arm as a near target, indicating competitive criteria, skill specificity, and players' knowledge in selecting locations that increase attack success, according to the study. The skillful performance of anticipatory assault movements depends heavily on strikes, moderately on pushes, and very weakly on crushes. Team tactics affect touch strategy diversity. Technically sophisticated teams focus on armed arm touches for tactical efficiency, while others use the torso to avoid counterattacks.
The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections in restoring range of motion and reducing pain in Muay Thai players with rotator cuff injuries
The research aimed to use the method of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection as a relatively modern therapeutic approach to improve the range of motion and reduce pain in Muay Thai players suffering from rotator cuff injuries in the shoulder joint. The research sample included (5) Muay Thai players with rotator cuff injuries in the shoulder joint, with an age of (23.43 ±0.64) years, a mass of (87.74 ±8.19) kg, and a height of (181.39 ±4.21) cm. Their injuries were diagnosed by specialized doctors. Platelet-rich plasma injections were administered once, with a prohibition on training and specific use of the injured joint for 3 days post-injection. Training was resumed after 2 weeks with moderate intensity, and they returned to their designated training load as prescribed by the coach after 3 weeks, with close monitoring of pain and their condition. The range of motion of the shoulder joint was measured based on the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). Surgeons - AAOS), and measuring the pain level using the visual analog scale (VAS), which consists of 10 points. The measurements were taken before the injection (pre-test) and 6 weeks after it (post-test). To obtain the research results, the statistical package (SPSS) was used. The study results showed that the use of the Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injection method had a significant effect on increasing the range of motion, reducing pain levels, and restoring shoulder joint function for Muay Thai players, with no negative side effects, and the method did not interfere with the training of Muay Thai players.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Physical Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Reality of Women's Empowerment in Leadership Positions within Sports Institutions
The purpose of the study is to uncover the reality of women empowerment in leadership positions in Iraqi sport institutions by identifying the most significant inhibitors and contributors driving participation. They employed descriptive survey and sampled 211 female employees at the Ministry of Youth and Sports, Olympic Committee, as well as sports federations. It was discovered that cultural and social constrains are still the greatest obstacle (80%) for women’s empowerment, weak support from institution along with no genderfriendly organizational environments restrained their progress. Additionally, a dearth of Iraqi sports institutions necessitates an all-inclusive process that increases social awareness, develops better institutional policies and amplifies the role of media in supporting women to assume leadership roles.
The effect of an educational approach based on Schmidt's Schema Theory on learning some basic tennis skills
The research seeks to develop an educational curriculum based on Schmidt's Schema Theory for acquiring fundamental tennis skills, implement this curriculum, and assess its impact on the learning of these skills. The researchers employed the experimental technique by configuring the experimental and control groups to align with the nature of the issue. The research sample comprised tennis players aged 11 to 13 years, categorized into a primary experimental group of 20 players, alongside a control group and an experimental group system. The control group comprised 10 participants, and the experimental group also consisted of 10 participants. The exploratory experiment group consisted of three participants, while three players were removed for lack of commitment. The investigators ran a pilot study on 8 July 2025, with three participants. Subsequently, the research sample was given pre-tests in two days (the first day on October 7th, 2025) by using a serve skill test and for backhand driving skills. The main experiment was carried out for a period of 8 weeks, with three lessons per week. Subsequently, the post-tests were administered, using identical methods regarding timing, location, instruments utilized, and the preparation of all conditions surrounding the pre-tests, to mitigate variables that could influence the post-test outcomes. Subsequently, the results were statistically analyzed, tabulated, and scientifically examined, culminating in conclusions and recommendations.
The effect of exercises using an innovative electronic device on learning to perform the skill shooting from constancy in basketball for students at the College of physical education and sports sciences
Basketball is one of the sports that requires high mastery of motor skills, the use of electronic devices can stand for a qualitative leap in the methods of teaching its basic skills. Therefore, the importance of the research was to study the effect of exercises using an electronic device designed specifically to teach the performance of the skill of shooting from constancy. The research focuses on exploring the effectiveness of these devices in improving skill acquisition and increasing performance accuracy among physical education and sports science students, in line with modern developments in educational curricula. The two researchers used the experimental approach in the study, as it is the optimal option, The research community included the students of the first stage of the evening study at the College of physical education and sports sciences at the Mustansiriyah University for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (46) students with a percentage of (48.93)% from the community of origin, who belong to two classes (A,B). The results showed that both the control and experimental groups had significant improvements in arithmetic mean between pre-test and post-test. The control group had a mean difference of 1.2, while the experimental group had a mean difference of 2.6. The T-values for both groups were higher than the computed T-values, showing statistical significance. The study found that an innovative electronic device improved shooting skills in basketball by 2.6 points in the experimental group, compared to 1.2 points in the control group. Real-time feedback accelerated the learning process, supporting the use of technology in sports training, especially for complex motor skills.
The relationship between decision-making time and accuracy of jump shooting among students at the college of physical education and Sports Sciences in handball
The study aimed to analyze the nature of the relationship between decision-making time and the accuracy of shooting by jumping among handball players who are students of the fourth stage at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences to reveal the extent to which cognitive-motor ability contributes to improving offensive skill performance. The study adopted a descriptive approach using the method of relational relationships, and 20 players who were selected deliberately participated. The study used a reaction time system to measure decision time, as well as test the accuracy of shooting from jumping from three specific points within the attack area. The results showed that the Arithmetic mean decision time was 0.828 seconds, while the Arithmetic mean successful shooting attempts from the jump shooting were 69.24out of 10. Statistical processing also revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between the two variables of r = -0.84, indicating that the lower the decision time, the higher the shooting accuracy from jumping. These results indicate that the higher the player's possessed speed in analyzing the situation and making decisions, this was directly reflected in a more accurate ability to direct the ball while jumping, which is consistent with the principles of sensorimotor perception and the theory of information processing in sports performance. The study recommends the need to integrate special training to reduce decision-making time into training programs for attackers, such as changing attitudes, visual and auditory response exercises, as well as the use of electronic measuring devices to enhance skill development. He also recommends future studies that address other psychomotor variables such as selective attention and motor prediction speed to develop the performance of offensive positions in handball.
The impact of game simulation drills on blocking and various defensive movements for handball players (15–18 years old)
The importance of studying the effect of playing simulation exercises in the chest wall and the various defensive moves of handball players (15-18 years old), in an effort to find out the effectiveness of this type of exercise in the development of comprehensive defensive performance, and achieving integration between the skill side and the plans of the juniors, to build a scientific training base that contributes to the preparation of players capable of defensive performance with high efficiency in the later stages, the research problem was summarized by the following question: Does the use of playing simulation exercises contribute to the development of the level of defensive performance, especially in the chest wall and defensive moves the variety of defensive abilities of handball players of the category (15-18 years old) compared to traditional training methods، The objectives of the research were to prepare play simulation exercises to develop the chest wall and various defensive moves for handball players (15-18) years, and to identify the results of play simulation exercises in the development of the chest wall and various defensive moves for handball players (15-18) years. The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups to fit the research problem, the research community consisted of the players of the Maysan handball education team for the academic year 2023-2024, numbering 16 players, the players were divided in a random way into two experimental and control groups with (6) players for each group, players were excluded for the exploratory experiment and other players being goalkeepers, homogenization was carried out between the two groups for variables (height, weight, chronological age, training age), appropriate devices and tools were used, as well as appropriate tests and measurements for the studied variables the statistical bag (SPSS) was used.26) to process the results were analyzed And to discuss the results according to modern scientific sources to reach conclusions from them (there is a clear superiority of the dimensional tests of the experimental and control groups over the tribal tests in the research variables, and there is a superiority of the dimensional tests of the experimental group at the expense of the dimensional tests of the experimental group in the research variables) as for the recommendations, including (the inclusion of simulation exercises of playing regularly within the curricula of handball training in general, especially the age groups, and the design of exercises so that they are with real positions of play and include changing directions quickly, correct positioning, interaction with the ball and colleagues).
The effect of group exercises combined with repetitive training methods on developing speed endurance in under-21 football players
This study aimed to identify the effect of group exercises using repetitive training on the speed endurance of under-21 football players. The researcher used a set of group exercises on a sample of 32 under-21 players from the Electrical Industries Club, with a mean age of 20.4. The players were divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 14 players. A comparison was then conducted between the two groups to ensure the validity of the starting line. The exercises were then implemented with two training sessions per week, totaling eight training sessions over a month. These exercises were applied to the players during their special preparation phase. After conducting the main experiment and performing the post-test of speed endurance, and comparing the results of the pre-test and post-test, the study found significant results in the speed endurance of the experimental group players, who outperformed the control group in the post-test. This is attributed by the researcher to the effect of the independent variable, which is the group exercises using repetitive training. Furthermore, the researcher recommends The researcher believes that the training curricula for coaches in the special preparation stages should include exercises specifically designed to develop physical capabilities, and that these exercises should be standardized, especially speed endurance, and also that similar research should be conducted within the framework of comparing the capabilities of players with other physical capabilities.
The organizational climate and its relationship to total quality management among secondary school principals in Baghdad province from the perspective of their teachers
Researchers have shown considerable interest in the idea of organizational climate because of its crucial role in school administration and all school operations. Hence, enhancing it is regarded as a primary duty of school principals, as they bear direct accountability for overseeing the school and its entire operations. Total quality management is a primary method that allows the school administrator to effectively handle administrative tasks with the goal of meeting the needs of instructors, students, staff members, and the community. The significance of the research rests in its attempt to shed light on the value of both organizational climate and total quality management among high school principals. The research seeks to determine the various aspects of the prevailing organizational climate in high schools, including organizational structure, leadership, employee engagement, communication, nature of work, technology, human resources, and job autonomy. The objective is to determine the many aspects of total quality management (including education and quality values, enhancement of the educational process, developing evaluations and incentives, school leadership, and decision-making) among high school principals. Moreover, the research aims to understand the correlation between the various aspects of the organizational climate and its overall level, as well as the different aspects of total quality management and its overall level, among high school principals in Baghdad. This will be examined from the viewpoint of teachers. The researchers utilized a descriptive methodology to study a sample of (1080) secondary school teachers in six educational directorates within the Baghdad province throughout the academic year 2023-2024. Two scales were employed: one to assess organizational climate and the other to evaluate total quality management. The data was analyzed utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics Ver26 software, leading to a series of results and recommendations.
Educational Leadership as a Tool for Social Cohesion: Strategic Management Methods of Schools in Promoting a Culture of Peace and Citizenship in Lebanese Society
This study looks into how educational leadership can help build social cohesion in public schools in Lebanon. It digs into different ways that school management can be approached, focusing on creating a culture rooted in peace and citizenship. Method A questionnaire of closed questions was applied to a stratified random sample of 217 school principals, using the descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicated that there is a positive and strong relationship (r = 0.702) between the competence of educational leadership in implementing strategic tools and the level at which social cohesion was promoted. As for current parliamentary leadership activity, it revealed good performance (average 3.40) but was short of the desirable level (3.70). Key structural barriers that were identified included.
The Effect of Repeated Speed Exercises on Anaerobic Functional Variables, Explosive Leg Power, and Individual Defensive Movement in Handball
The importance of this research lies in highlighting one of the modern training methods that may contribute to improving the athletic performance of handball players, whether on the physical or tactical level. From the perspective of physiological variables, repeated-sprint training at maximal and sub-maximal intensities is employed to enhance anaerobic capacity and increase the efficiency of the nervous system. The research problem emerged from the observation that many coaches focus heavily on offensive skills, neglecting the fact that an offensive mistake results in losing the ball, whereas a defensive error grants the opponent a scoring opportunity. Additionally, poor performance results may be attributed to the inability of the body’s functional systems to withstand the demands of continuous and variable motor performance, as well as the noticeable delay in physical preparatory aspects such as speed of movement across the court, reaction time, and decision-making during defensive situations like intercepting or clearing the ball. Despite the importance of these aspects, training programs for players under 15 years of age still require further development in defensive performance and movement speed, which in turn influence physical abilities such as lower-limb explosive power and anaerobic functional variables.The study aims to: Design repeated-sprint training using maximal and sub-maximal intensities for handball players under 15 years of age, and identify the effects of this training on the alactic (phosphagen) anaerobic functional variable, lower-limb explosive power, and individual defensive movement among players in this age group. The researchers used the experimental method with a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of players from the Specialized Handball School in Baghdad under the age of 15. The sample was intentionally selected and consisted of (20) players, randomly divided into two groups: (10) players in the experimental group and (10) in the control group. Results showed that repeated-sprint training had a significant positive effect on the development of lower-limb explosive power (right and left) and on improving the phosphagen anaerobic functional variable in the experimental group. The designed training also led to significant improvement in individual defensive movements, including ball interception and clearance. A lesser degree of improvement was observed in the control group compared to the experimental group.
Motor Coordination and Its Relationship to Jump Shooting Accuracy in Handball among Second-Year Students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
Shooting is considered one of the most fundamental and essential skills in handball, requiring a high degree of accuracy and motor coordination. Based on their teaching experience in the handball course, the researchers observed that some students possess adequate physical strength yet struggle with shooting accuracy. This raises questions regarding the factors influencing shooting performance, including motor coordination. Accordingly, the problem of the current study arises from the need to identify the relationship between the level of motor coordination and the accuracy of jump shooting among second-year handball students. The study aims to reveal the nature of this relationship. The researchers hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences in motor coordination that influence shooting accuracy. The descriptive correlational method was used due to its suitability for the research problem. An intentional sample of 42 students from Section (W) was selected: 30 students for the main sample, 5 for the pilot study, and 7 excluded for non-attendance or previous academic failure. Standardized tests were used, including a motor coordination test and a jump shooting accuracy test. Data were processed using the SPSS statistical package. Results showed a statistically significant correlation between motor coordination and jump shooting accuracy. The researchers recommended incorporating progressively structured motor coordination exercises to improve shooting performance and encouraged conducting similar studies on other skills and sports activities.
A Rehabilitation Program for Correcting Lateral Deviation Resulting from Lumbar Disc Injuries in Young Wrestlers
Lumbar disc injuries are among the most common issues affecting young wrestlers, often leading to functional disorders of the spine, notably lateral deviation, which negatively impacts motor performance and physical balance. This study aims to design a rehabilitation program based on specialized therapeutic exercises intended to correct lateral deviation, enhance spinal efficiency, and reduce associated pain. The research was conducted on a sample of young wrestlers suffering from lumbar disc herniation accompanied by lateral deviation, who underwent a structured rehabilitation program over a specific period that included core strengthening exercises, balance improvement drills, and stretching and relaxation activities. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated through pre- and post-intervention measurements, assessing deviation angle, pain intensity, and physical performance level. The results revealed a marked improvement in the correction of lateral deviation, a reduction in pain levels, and an enhancement in physical performance, confirming the efficiency of the rehabilitation program in promoting spinal function and mitigating the effects of lumbar disc injuries. The study recommends adopting such programs within therapeutic plans for injured wrestlers to ensure their safe and rapid return to competitive sports.
The effect of water intake on body composition, weight, BMI, body fat and total body water in obese men
A popular recommendation for weight loss programs is to drink a lot of water. Only a small number of systematic researches have tackled this idea, though. The consequences of consuming an additional 2.25 liters of water per day on the body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, and body composition of individuals who were obese were evaluated in this study. The goal is to assess how much water consumption affects an obese person's ability to lose weight and body fat. For 12 weeks, the 100 obese men in this study were told to drink 750 ml of water three times a day, 15 minutes before breakfast. The study used the body analysis system (GS6.5 B. S161118S1544). Body weight, body mass index, and body fat were measured before and after the study. Statistical Analysis to determine the statistical significance of the findings, a paired t-test and IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0 were utilized. The mean body weight, body mass index, body water, body fat, and body composition scores were 93.63 kg, 33.490 kg/m2, 47.33 percentages, 33.519 percentages, and 51.240 percentages respectively, before and after the study. From a statistical perspective, all the parameters' results were quite significant except body weight, which was not significant. In conclusion, the effect of water-intake in obese participants' weight reduction is established by a decrease in body weight, body mass index, body fat, and body composition scores at the conclusion of the study period.
The Role of Polar Device in Improving Sports Training a Field Study: Joya Sports Club in Southern Lebanon
This study aimed to analyze the scientific and practical role played by the Polar device in its contribution to improving the training process at Joya Sports Club in Southern Lebanon, especially with regard to keeping pace with modern technology achievements in sports training. The research is contributive and fills a gap between traditional flying work and the adequacy of data-driven training, as well as encourages other new Arab clubs to adopt it in an easy-to-implement model. The research method was descriptive-analytical, with the data being collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of technical staff, players, and club management. It showed a drastic change in the training methods where device data was used to personalize training programs and physical fitness parameters such as endurance, speed, and strength improved while injury rates decreased via proactive management of training load and recovery. The results also revealed challenges of both organization and finance that were surmountable, provided the technology’s feasibility could be established.
Impact of Wearable Technology on Enhancing Backhand Stroke Performance in Tennis among Physical Education and Sports Science Students at the University of Baghdad
This research aimed to investigate the impact of Using wearable technology for improving backhand stroke among students of Physical Education and Sports Science, in University of Baghdad. It aimed at assessing better performance with respect to stroke accuracy, feeling and reduction of vibrations, as well as being capable to provide real-time feedback on the student's quality of movement with wearable sensors. An experiment designed conducted with the sample 24 novice students (12 experimental, 12 control) during intervention period of 8 weeks. The experimental group received real-time biomechanical feedback using wearable sensors, whereas the control group underwent conventional training. Accuracy, speed and vibration were evaluated by pre- and post-testing of a standard backhand stroke protocol. Data were statistically examined through SPSS and outcomes were compared by t-tests and ANOVA. Results: The experimental group had significantly better results in backhand accuracy, speed and vibration reduction compared to the control group (p < 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant interaction effects, a difference that only wearable technology is able to make. Conclusions Wearable technology significantly improves performance of the backhand stroke, minimizes the risk of injury, and enables effective skill acquisition. Its inclusion in the sports education curriculum is recommended to improve training results where resources are limited.
The effect of special exercises on selective attention for the performance of the "clinch" skill in wrestlers under 16 years of age
Through the researcher's field follow-up and his knowledge of the wrestling game, he noticed that the level of performance of wrestling players is not at the required level. From the researcher's point of view, he sees that one of the reasons for this is due to their distraction as a result of the many variables present during the game. Therefore, the researcher decided to design special exercises in order to develop some mental aspects such as selective attention, which is the most important mental process and skill performance of the player. The aim of the research was to prepare special exercises and know their effect on selective attention and the performance of the lifting skill for wrestling players aged under (16) years. It was assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests in both selective attention and the level of performance of the lifting skill. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent experimental and control groups with a pre- and post-test, on a sample of wrestling players under (16) years old, numbering (14) players. The variable of selective attention was tested And the skill of the porter in the wrestling game for the research sample after completing the main experiment and after processing the data statistically, the researcher concluded that the exercises prepared by the researcher proved effective in improving the level of selective attention and the skill of the porter in the wrestling game for the players.
Effect Of Interactive Video Analysis Training on The Acquisition of Dribbling Skills in Basketball Among Students at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Baghdad University
This study investigates the effect of interactive video analysis on the acquisition of dribbling skills in basketball among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad. A sample of 50 students was divided into an experimental group (n=25) receiving training with interactive video analysis and a control group (n=25) trained using traditional methods. The Johnson Basketball Dribble Test was administered as pre- and post-tests over an 8-week intervention (December 2024 to April 2025). Results showed significant improvements in both groups, with the experimental group demonstrating greater gains in dribbling speed and accuracy (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.32). The findings highlight the efficacy of interactive video analysis in providing precise, real-time feedback to enhance motor skill acquisition. The study suggests that technology-enhanced training can improve basketball performance among novice learners, advocating its integration into physical education curricula. Limitations include the focus on dribbling and the short intervention duration, warranting further research on other skills and long-term effects.
The effect of third zone intensity training on the speed-strength of the arms certain biochemical indicators and the completion time of a 50-meter freestyle swim
The research aimed to prepare and apply third zone intensity training for 50-meter freestyle swimmers, examining its impact on the speed strength of the arms, some biochemical indicators, and the completion time for 50 meters freestyle. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test results for the experimental and control groups in arm speed strength, biochemical indicators, and completion time. The experimental method involved a design with both experimental and control groups, consisting of 11 swimmers from the Army Club participating in the 2024/2025 sports season, selected intentionally with a 100% comprehensive approach. After determining the tests and preparing the training, the experimental group underwent two training sessions per week for 10 weeks. Results were analyzed using SPSS. Conclusions and recommendations indicated that applying third zone intensity training during the specific preparation period helps develop arm speed strength for 50-meter freestyle swimmers, outperforming peers who train without it. It also aids in regulating blood salts (calcium, potassium, sodium) among these swimmers, again outperforming their peers. Additionally, it improves completion time for 50 meters freestyle for those who train with it, surpassing those who do not. It is crucial to avoid excessive resistance increases when training arm speed strength with third zone intensity training for 50-meter freestyle swimmers. Furthermore, monitoring biochemical indicators of blood salts is essential for assessing swimmer health and cellular regulation during third zone intensity training.
speed-strength characteristics of the arms
The effect of the Appleton model on learning to perform the long jump for first-year students in the College of Basic Education
The research aimed to prepare educational units according to the Appleton model for teaching the long jump skill to first-stage students and to identify its impact on learning. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two equal groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The population consisted of 115 first-stage students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year 2023–2024, distributed across six divisions (A–F). By lottery, two divisions were selected: Division (B) as the experimental group and Division (E) as the control group, with 25 students each (total 50, representing 43.47% of the population). The experimental group learned the long jump according to the Appleton model, while the control group followed the traditional imperative method used in the curriculum. After applying the pre- and post-tests and conducting statistical analyses, results showed that the Appleton model had a significant effect on learning the long jump, as it enhanced motivation through excitement, competition, and engagement, making the learning process easier and more effective. The study recommends adopting the Appleton model in teaching long jump and other sports skills, given its role in achieving educational objectives and improving performance at different age and educational levels