The Journal of Physical Education is a quarterly scientific journal specialized in publishing scientific research related to sports science, for the purposes of scientific publishing and promotions. It is issued by the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences / University of Baghdad. It was founded in (1990). The first issue was published in April (1990) and consisted of (10) Researches. The editor in chief was the Dean of the College of Physical Education Prof Dr. Ghassan Muhammad Sadiq, and the Editor manager was Dr. Ali Abdul-Zahra al-Hashemi. The Journal’s the editorial board consisted of the following: Dr. Nizar Majeed Al-Talib. Dr. Abd Ali Nassif. Dr. Abbas Ahmed al-Samarrai. Dr. Munther Hashem Al-Khatib Dr. Wajih Mahjob. Dr. Qasim Al-Mandalawi. Dr. Shamel Khameel.
College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of Baghdad
The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections in restoring range of motion and reducing pain in Muay Thai players with rotator cuff injuries
The research aimed to use the method of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection as a relatively modern therapeutic approach to improve the range of motion and reduce pain in Muay Thai players suffering from rotator cuff injuries in the shoulder joint. The research sample included (5) Muay Thai players with rotator cuff injuries in the shoulder joint, with an age of (23.43 ±0.64) years, a mass of (87.74 ±8.19) kg, and a height of (181.39 ±4.21) cm. Their injuries were diagnosed by specialized doctors. Platelet-rich plasma injections were administered once, with a prohibition on training and specific use of the injured joint for 3 days post-injection. Training was resumed after 2 weeks with moderate intensity, and they returned to their designated training load as prescribed by the coach after 3 weeks, with close monitoring of pain and their condition. The range of motion of the shoulder joint was measured based on the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). Surgeons - AAOS), and measuring the pain level using the visual analog scale (VAS), which consists of 10 points. The measurements were taken before the injection (pre-test) and 6 weeks after it (post-test). To obtain the research results, the statistical package (SPSS) was used. The study results showed that the use of the Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injection method had a significant effect on increasing the range of motion, reducing pain levels, and restoring shoulder joint function for Muay Thai players, with no negative side effects, and the method did not interfere with the training of Muay Thai players.
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The Reality of Women's Empowerment in Leadership Positions within Sports Institutions
The purpose of the study is to uncover the reality of women empowerment in leadership positions in Iraqi sport institutions by identifying the most significant inhibitors and contributors driving participation. They employed descriptive survey and sampled 211 female employees at the Ministry of Youth and Sports, Olympic Committee, as well as sports federations. It was discovered that cultural and social constrains are still the greatest obstacle (80%) for women’s empowerment, weak support from institution along with no genderfriendly organizational environments restrained their progress. Additionally, a dearth of Iraqi sports institutions necessitates an all-inclusive process that increases social awareness, develops better institutional policies and amplifies the role of media in supporting women to assume leadership roles.
The effect of group exercises combined with repetitive training methods on developing speed endurance in under-21 football players
This study aimed to identify the effect of group exercises using repetitive training on the speed endurance of under-21 football players. The researcher used a set of group exercises on a sample of 32 under-21 players from the Electrical Industries Club, with a mean age of 20.4. The players were divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 14 players. A comparison was then conducted between the two groups to ensure the validity of the starting line. The exercises were then implemented with two training sessions per week, totaling eight training sessions over a month. These exercises were applied to the players during their special preparation phase. After conducting the main experiment and performing the post-test of speed endurance, and comparing the results of the pre-test and post-test, the study found significant results in the speed endurance of the experimental group players, who outperformed the control group in the post-test. This is attributed by the researcher to the effect of the independent variable, which is the group exercises using repetitive training. Furthermore, the researcher recommends The researcher believes that the training curricula for coaches in the special preparation stages should include exercises specifically designed to develop physical capabilities, and that these exercises should be standardized, especially speed endurance, and also that similar research should be conducted within the framework of comparing the capabilities of players with other physical capabilities.
A Rehabilitation Program for Correcting Lateral Deviation Resulting from Lumbar Disc Injuries in Young Wrestlers
Lumbar disc injuries are among the most common issues affecting young wrestlers, often leading to functional disorders of the spine, notably lateral deviation, which negatively impacts motor performance and physical balance. This study aims to design a rehabilitation program based on specialized therapeutic exercises intended to correct lateral deviation, enhance spinal efficiency, and reduce associated pain. The research was conducted on a sample of young wrestlers suffering from lumbar disc herniation accompanied by lateral deviation, who underwent a structured rehabilitation program over a specific period that included core strengthening exercises, balance improvement drills, and stretching and relaxation activities. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated through pre- and post-intervention measurements, assessing deviation angle, pain intensity, and physical performance level. The results revealed a marked improvement in the correction of lateral deviation, a reduction in pain levels, and an enhancement in physical performance, confirming the efficiency of the rehabilitation program in promoting spinal function and mitigating the effects of lumbar disc injuries. The study recommends adopting such programs within therapeutic plans for injured wrestlers to ensure their safe and rapid return to competitive sports.
Impact of Wearable Technology on Enhancing Backhand Stroke Performance in Tennis among Physical Education and Sports Science Students at the University of Baghdad
This research aimed to investigate the impact of Using wearable technology for improving backhand stroke among students of Physical Education and Sports Science, in University of Baghdad. It aimed at assessing better performance with respect to stroke accuracy, feeling and reduction of vibrations, as well as being capable to provide real-time feedback on the student's quality of movement with wearable sensors. An experiment designed conducted with the sample 24 novice students (12 experimental, 12 control) during intervention period of 8 weeks. The experimental group received real-time biomechanical feedback using wearable sensors, whereas the control group underwent conventional training. Accuracy, speed and vibration were evaluated by pre- and post-testing of a standard backhand stroke protocol. Data were statistically examined through SPSS and outcomes were compared by t-tests and ANOVA. Results: The experimental group had significantly better results in backhand accuracy, speed and vibration reduction compared to the control group (p < 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant interaction effects, a difference that only wearable technology is able to make. Conclusions Wearable technology significantly improves performance of the backhand stroke, minimizes the risk of injury, and enables effective skill acquisition. Its inclusion in the sports education curriculum is recommended to improve training results where resources are limited.
The effect of special exercises on selective attention for the performance of the "clinch" skill in wrestlers under 16 years of age
Through the researcher's field follow-up and his knowledge of the wrestling game, he noticed that the level of performance of wrestling players is not at the required level. From the researcher's point of view, he sees that one of the reasons for this is due to their distraction as a result of the many variables present during the game. Therefore, the researcher decided to design special exercises in order to develop some mental aspects such as selective attention, which is the most important mental process and skill performance of the player. The aim of the research was to prepare special exercises and know their effect on selective attention and the performance of the lifting skill for wrestling players aged under (16) years. It was assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests in both selective attention and the level of performance of the lifting skill. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equivalent experimental and control groups with a pre- and post-test, on a sample of wrestling players under (16) years old, numbering (14) players. The variable of selective attention was tested And the skill of the porter in the wrestling game for the research sample after completing the main experiment and after processing the data statistically, the researcher concluded that the exercises prepared by the researcher proved effective in improving the level of selective attention and the skill of the porter in the wrestling game for the players.
Effect Of Interactive Video Analysis Training on The Acquisition of Dribbling Skills in Basketball Among Students at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Baghdad University
This study investigates the effect of interactive video analysis on the acquisition of dribbling skills in basketball among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad. A sample of 50 students was divided into an experimental group (n=25) receiving training with interactive video analysis and a control group (n=25) trained using traditional methods. The Johnson Basketball Dribble Test was administered as pre- and post-tests over an 8-week intervention (December 2024 to April 2025). Results showed significant improvements in both groups, with the experimental group demonstrating greater gains in dribbling speed and accuracy (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.32). The findings highlight the efficacy of interactive video analysis in providing precise, real-time feedback to enhance motor skill acquisition. The study suggests that technology-enhanced training can improve basketball performance among novice learners, advocating its integration into physical education curricula. Limitations include the focus on dribbling and the short intervention duration, warranting further research on other skills and long-term effects.
The effect of third zone intensity training on the speed-strength of the arms certain biochemical indicators and the completion time of a 50-meter freestyle swim
The research aimed to prepare and apply third zone intensity training for 50-meter freestyle swimmers, examining its impact on the speed strength of the arms, some biochemical indicators, and the completion time for 50 meters freestyle. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test results for the experimental and control groups in arm speed strength, biochemical indicators, and completion time. The experimental method involved a design with both experimental and control groups, consisting of 11 swimmers from the Army Club participating in the 2024/2025 sports season, selected intentionally with a 100% comprehensive approach. After determining the tests and preparing the training, the experimental group underwent two training sessions per week for 10 weeks. Results were analyzed using SPSS. Conclusions and recommendations indicated that applying third zone intensity training during the specific preparation period helps develop arm speed strength for 50-meter freestyle swimmers, outperforming peers who train without it. It also aids in regulating blood salts (calcium, potassium, sodium) among these swimmers, again outperforming their peers. Additionally, it improves completion time for 50 meters freestyle for those who train with it, surpassing those who do not. It is crucial to avoid excessive resistance increases when training arm speed strength with third zone intensity training for 50-meter freestyle swimmers. Furthermore, monitoring biochemical indicators of blood salts is essential for assessing swimmer health and cellular regulation during third zone intensity training.
speed-strength characteristics of the arms
The effect of the Appleton model on learning to perform the long jump for first-year students in the College of Basic Education
The research aimed to prepare educational units according to the Appleton model for teaching the long jump skill to first-stage students and to identify its impact on learning. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two equal groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The population consisted of 115 first-stage students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year 2023–2024, distributed across six divisions (A–F). By lottery, two divisions were selected: Division (B) as the experimental group and Division (E) as the control group, with 25 students each (total 50, representing 43.47% of the population). The experimental group learned the long jump according to the Appleton model, while the control group followed the traditional imperative method used in the curriculum. After applying the pre- and post-tests and conducting statistical analyses, results showed that the Appleton model had a significant effect on learning the long jump, as it enhanced motivation through excitement, competition, and engagement, making the learning process easier and more effective. The study recommends adopting the Appleton model in teaching long jump and other sports skills, given its role in achieving educational objectives and improving performance at different age and educational levels
A survey Study to Measure the level of Motivation a Squash lesson for junior students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
Human behavior is one of the topics that has captured the attention of researchers throughout the ages, and motivation is one of the manifestations of this behavior, which indicates the extent of interest in a particular topic and their unwillingness to rush towards a particular topic. The topic of motivation is one of the important topics of interest to the teacher and coach in the field of sports. The aim of this research was identifying the level of motivation for junior students, and the differences in the dimensions of motivation for junior students in squash lessons. We used the descriptive survey method, and the research sample was chosen randomly. Only male of the junior students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad, where the research sample represents 15 % of the research community. We used the scale distributed in the form for measuring the motivation, and the results showed there are differences in the level of motivation among junior students in motivation scale, and there are not significant between the five dimensions for motivation scale. And recommend to Focus on the psychological aspects of squash students and develop their self-confidence to enable them to control their emotions. Finally, we must engage the junior students in training and refereeing courses, in cooperation with the Federation.
Evaluating the performance of the coaches of the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation from the point of view of players and experts
This study focuses on evaluating the performance of coaches of the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation from the perspectives of both athletes and experts, emphasizing the critical role of gymnastics as a foundation for many other sports. The significance of the research lies in improving evaluation mechanisms for gymnastics coaches through the use of validated questionnaires and scientific models, thereby enhancing coaches’ effectiveness and consequently the athletes’ performance. The study employed a descriptive–survey method and included a statistical population of 340 participants, comprising athletes and experts from the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation. Data collection was conducted using the Performance Evaluation Questionnaire developed by Rouhani et al. (2012), which demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.943. The findings revealed that the average performance evaluation of coaches from both athletes (M = 4.23) and experts (M = 4.24) was significantly higher than the theoretical mean (3), indicating satisfactory coaching performance. Among the evaluated dimensions, the “technical-educational factor” emerged as the most important, followed by team and individual management, team retention, experience, and behavioral-educational aspects. Furthermore, results indicated no significant differences between athletes’ and experts’ evaluations. In conclusion, the overall performance of Iraqi Gymnastics Federation coaches was found to be within the expected standards, with technical-educational factors playing the most critical role in performance evaluation. The study recommends prioritizing the enhancement of coaches’ technical and educational competencies, alongside strengthening behavioral and managerial skills, to ensure comprehensive improvement in both coaching practices and athletes’ achievements.
Assessment of Lower Limb Joint Postural Deformities Using APECS among Male Physical Education and Sport Science Applicants
The Alignment Posture Evaluation and Correction System (APECS) is a non-radiographic AI-based mobile application designed to assess body posture safely and accurately, unlike X-rays, which may be harmful and less precise. This study used APECS version 2.0 (DXM model) to detect lower limb deformities in hip, knee, and foot joints among 60 male applicants to the College of Physical Education and Sports Science. Full-limb images with anatomical markers were captured, and joint angles were automatically calculated by the software. Results indicated deformities in the hip (18.35%), knee (26.61%), and foot (41.28%). The program demonstrated high accuracy, with a 98.74% matching rate and 94.64% agreement, confirming its validity as a reliable, non-invasive tool for assessing lower limb postural deformities in prospective students.
The Contribution of Leadership Vigilance to the Implementation of Functional Tasks by Administrators of Local Volleyball Championships
The present study aimed to develop two measurement scales—one for leadership vigilance and another for the implementation of functional tasks—in the context of managing local volleyball championships. It further sought to assess the levels of these two variables from the perspective of administrators, and to examine the contribution and effect of leadership vigilance on task execution. The descriptive correlational method was employed in line with the nature of the research problem. The study population comprised 141 administrators of local volleyball championships during the 2024/2025 sports season, all of whom were deliberately included (100%) through comprehensive enumeration and divided into three subsamples according to the study requirements. After constructing the two scales, they were applied to the participants, and the results were analyzed using SPSS. The findings confirmed the validity of the scales for measuring leadership vigilance and functional task implementation. Results revealed that administrators demonstrated acceptable levels in both domains, and that higher leadership vigilance was significantly and positively correlated with improved task implementation. The study concluded that leadership vigilance plays an essential role in enhancing administrators’ effectiveness in managing volleyball championships. Accordingly, the researcher recommended focusing on specialized measurement and professional development programs to strengthen leadership vigilance, thereby improving task performance and contributing to the overall advancement of federation management.
The Effect of Motor Activity Based Learning on the Acquisition of Two Tennis Groundstroke Skills
This research is concerned with the effect of learning on movement activity to develop groundstroke (Forehand and backhand) tennis skills for 14 year age group female players at Diyala specialized Center of Baghdad. The study was conducted with two groups (experimental and control), one of which was taught using motor activity based instructional modules, while the other was taught through traditional teaching techniques. Analysis included before and after for each set of skills. The results showed that the experimental group was able to achieve a significantly better improvement in accuracy and consistency than the control group, thanks to variety of practice including immersion in practical experience. This made them even more motivated to learn the strokes and deepened their understanding of what is the base technical element of each smash and clear. Conversely, the control group was able to reduce EF through mere repetition. The findings of the study provide support for programs with structured progressive educational content that mesh practical and sensory-motor learning experience, expedite skill acquisition as well as maintain performance progression in young tennis players.
The Effects of Unrealistic Optimism on the Cognitive Intuition of Young Athletes in Selected Track and Field Events
This research aimed to develop two measurement scales (i.e., one for the assessment of Unrealistic Optimism and another of Cognitive Intuition) and investigate the levels in young athletes, specifically from track and field. Furthermore, the study sought to examine whether there was a link between unrealistic optimism and cognitive intuition. The researcher tested the following the hypothesis: there is a significant relationship between both scales. A descriptive correlational approach was used, and the study sample included 198 young track and field athletes from clubs in Baghdad at season (2024 /2025). A purposeful sampling was used with 8 athletes as a pilot sample, 100 athletes for scale construction and 90 for main application sample. Having conducted the proper steps to develop these 2 scales, they were given to the main sample; and data were analyzed through SPSS. The results showed that both scales had strong validity and reliability, meeting the scientific standards for sports psychology tailored to young track and field athletes. Furthermore, the result also showed a strong positive correlation that high level of unrealistic optimism is related to higher level of cognitive intuition and vice versa. The study suggests that sports clubs should organize self-development programs, and also strengthen athletes’ cognitive skills. It is indicated the necessity of including a specialist in sports psychology when developing developmental and counseling programmed to reduce unrealistic optimism in young athletes as well as to conscious enhancing cognitive intuition.
Analysis of Training Load During the Special Preparation and Competition Periods Using Physiological Indicators in U19 Football Players via Smart Bracelet
The importance of the study lies in highlighting the role of smartwatches as a modern tool for analyzing training load based on functional indicators, such as heart rate and calorie consumption. This allows coaches to monitor individual players’ responses during different training periods, helping to improve physical performance efficiency and reduce the risk of overload-induced fatigue. The study aimed to analyze calorie consumption at different heart rate levels between the special preparation and competition periods for youth football players, with the goal of determining the effect of physiological adaptation on energy efficiency. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. A purposive simple sample of 20 youth players representing the youth team of Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Club was selected, with weights ranging between 60–75 kg. A pilot experiment was conducted on a small sample of players to test the accuracy of smartwatches in measuring heart rate and calorie consumption by comparing them with standard measurement devices. The results showed good agreement in heart rate measurement and a slight deviation in calorie consumption, confirming their validity for use in the study after calibration.
Investigation of the quality levels of foreign students who educate in DPU faculty of sports sciences and foreign students at different faculties
The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of life of foreign students studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences and international students studying at different faculties at DPU. In this context, "University Quality of Life Scale" was applied to determine the quality of life of students. The research data were obtained from a total of 272 students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Business Administration,Faculty of Education and Faculty of Engineering. One-way ANOVA test was used for data analysis. The quality of life of the students,faculty, gender,educational status, place of residence,leisure time, time of arrival in Turkey and finally welfare level were analyzed . The quality of life of the student differed significantly according to the faculty,gender,education level,place of residence,and leisure time. It was observed that there was no significant difference in the variables of arrival in Turkey and welfare level.
Mineral and sugar concentrations taken during matches and their effect on some physical and functional abilities of football players
Many athletes believe that it enhances the level of performance during training and competition, in addition to compensating for fluids during exercise when the levels of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere rise during the athlete's intensive training, as it increases the requirements for fluid compensation to avoid the risk of potential thermal disorders. If training continues for more than an hour causing fatigue, athletes are advised to drink carbohydrate drinks that quickly convert to glucose in the blood, while sodium should be included in the fluids consumed during exercise or matches that last more than (1-2 hours). The effect of drinking a drink containing 12% carbohydrates and electrolytes before each half of a simulated football match facilitates the maintenance of passing performance and improves the ability of high-intensity running in football academy players. This study aims to know the effect of mineral and sugar solutions with different mineral concentrations 2%-5% with a carbohydrate percentage of 10% in an amount of 500 ml of water on some physical abilities and functional indicators. The study was conducted on football academy players aged 15-16 years, where the research sample amounted to 20 players and they were divided into two groups for each group (n = 10 experimental 1 took 2% mineral salts and 10% sugar) (n = 10 experimental 2 took 5% mineral salts and 10% sugar) ) They were trained three training units per week and the field experiment was conducted on them by holding matches within the academy's football activity while they represented one of the teams. The study concluded that.
Pulmonary Function Differences between Trained Padel Players and Physically Inactive Young Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
This study aimed to assess and compare pulmonary function parameters between trained padel players and physically inactive young adult males in Saudi Arabia. Forty-eight participants (23 padel players, 25 untrained controls), aged 20.8 ± 1.67 years, underwent spirometry testing using the MIR New Spirolab device following international standards and scholarly exercise physiology frameworks and guidelines. The assessments included static lung volumes, dynamic capacities, and maximal ventilatory performance. The trained padel players demonstrated significantly higher values in inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, and maximal voluntary ventilation compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The study revealed no differences between the groups regarding tidal volume measurements and forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratios. The study results show that regular padel training leads to better pulmonary function, which suggests the sport can enhance respiratory fitness in active people.
The Impact of Nutritional Fingerprint on Energy Production and Performance Enhancement in Wrestling Athlete
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of personalized nutrition approach by genotype based on genetic profiling and their effects on the components of energy production and performance in wrestling. The investigation concerns with five wrestlers from Al-Kadhimiyah wrestling Club, for the 74 kg weight category. During 4 weeks, each of these athletes received a diet training intervention tailored to their individual genetic profiling. Aerobic capacity (VO2max), anaerobic power (Wingate Anaerobic Test), RSA, and lower body strength (1RM squat) were assessed at baseline and post-intervention as well. Results In all variables significant improvements were observed with VO2max increasing by 5 ml/kg/min, both peak and mean power output by 50 and 25 watts respectively and fatigue index reduced by 6.5%. Furthermore, strength levels of all participants increased, with an average 15 kg increase in 1RM squat strength. These results indicate that individualized nutrition based on genomics can greatly improve athletic performance, especially for high-intensity sports such as wrestling, which require endurance, power and strength.
Impact of ACTN3 Gene Polymorphism (R577X) on Physical Performance in Wrestlers of 74 kg Weight
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and muscle strength, vertical jump, and 30 m sprint performance in wrestlers. RR were better performers in each of the assessed items compared with RX and XX athletes. The findings were consistent with the hypothesis of ACTN3 dominance in strength, power, and sprint performance, at least for power-oriented athletes. For all participants, there was a positive relationship between both indices of muscle strength and vertical jump height and negative relationships between these indices and sprint time, suggesting that greater muscle strength was related to improved sprint performance. These results emphasize the genetic component in sports performance and the possibility of using genetic information for talent identification and support optimization. The authors note that future research should investigate the interaction between ACTN3 and other genetic factors associated with athletic ability, as well as ethical concerns regarding the use of genetic information in sports. Overall, this investigation adds to the understanding of how genetics may contribute to athletic performance and better training for power sports.
The Effect of Specialized Exercises Based on Mechanical Principles on Diagonal Attacks from Positions (2) and (4) Among Third-Year Students in Volleyball
Researchers and specialists in the fields of educational sciences strive to enhance the academic level of their students. Among the most prominent of these sciences is sports science, which encompasses various specializations, curricula, and theories. This has driven professionals in this field to constantly seek the most effective, shortest, and simplest ways to achieve high-quality outcomes through experimentation and practical application. The aim of this research was to develop specialized exercises based on mechanical principles for diagonal attacks from positions (2) and (4) among third-year volleyball students. The study also aimed to determine whether these exercises are more effective than conventional training in influencing the targeted research variables. The researchers employed an experimental approach involving both a control and an experimental group, using pre- and post-tests. Two specific tests were administered, focusing on diagonal attacking skills from positions (2) and (4). The research sample consisted of 12 third-year students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Farahidi University (academic year 2024–2025), who were deliberately selected as top-performing students and divided into two groups (experimental and control), each comprising six students. The SPSS statistical software package was used to analyze the results. After presenting and discussing the results, the study concluded that there was a statistically significant improvement in both groups between the pre- and post-tests. Additionally, a significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests. The researchers recommend the adoption of these exercises due to their significant effectiveness.
Professional Challenges Faced by Physical Education Teachers in Completing Their Daily Lessons from Other Academic Subjects
This study aims to identify the professional challenges faced by physical education teachers in completing their teaching assignments (sports education lessons) due to the inclusion of other academic subjects in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh. The researchers adopted a descriptive methodology, covering a research sample of 317 male and female physical education teachers in Nineveh’s schools. Appropriate scientific procedures and statistical methods were employed. The findings indicate that physical education teachers are highly aware of the significance of the professional challenges they face, showing closely related arithmetic averages. The professional challenges identified by the researchers are equally significant for male and female teachers.
A comparative historical study of swimming and paralympic athletics participations and competitions for the period from 1960-2024
The Paralympic Games is a major global sporting event and is a special gathering of a group of society who have been psychologically and physically rehabilitated to represent their countries in various sports The aim of the research is - Document the historical trajectory of the quantity and diversity of swimming and Paralympic athletics competitions at the Summer Paralympic Games during the period from 1960 to 2024 - Compare and analyze the quantitative evolution of athletes' and countries' participation in both swimming and Paralympic athletics across different cycles. The researchers used the descriptive, comparative analytical approach, the research community consisted of (all competitions, results and participation of athletes and countries in swimming and athletics in all summer Paralympic Games held during the period from 1960 (Rome Games) to 2024 (Paris Games). This includes all approved events, the number of participating athletes (males and females, and of different categories of disability), and the number of countries represented. Main Conclusions Both sports have witnessed tremendous and continuous growth in the number of male and female athletes and participating countries over sixty years, underscoring their position and their significant role in the development of the Paralympic movement – yet athletics excels in all the data studied, indicating greater flexibility in logistical requirements and a wider diversity of opportunities to participate compared to swimming, which requires more specialized and expensive infrastructure and equipment. The most important recommendations are that the officials of the Paralympic Committee should provide all the main support requirements for developing countries to establish and develop all the requirements of swimming to promote wider participation in it.
The Effect of a Training Program Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques According to Physical Fitness Level Using Motion Sensors (Accelerometer & Gyroscope) on Developing Explosive Power and Passing and Shooting Skills Among Young Basketball Players
Basketball training no longer relies solely on coaches' personal experience or traditional on-field repetition. Instead, it has undergone a qualitative shift thanks to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which have become effective tools in analyzing performance and guiding training with precision and objectivity. In light of rapid technological advancements, it is now possible to obtain accurate motion data that surpasses human observational capabilities, enabling the design of individualized training programs tailored to each player's needs. The research problem stems from field observations indicating a decline in the performance level of several young basketball players during matches in the Iraqi league. This decline is attributed to difficulties in maintaining a high level of physical and technical performance throughout the game, especially during extended periods of play or under conditions that require sustained high effort. This leads to a drop in passing accuracy and weaker performance in one-on-one situations.In response to these challenges, the researcher designed an innovative training program based on AI technologies, utilizing performance sensors (Accelerometer & Gyroscope) to assess and analyze each player's physical level and adapt training accordingly.The study adopted an experimental methodology using two groups: an experimental group that underwent the AI-based training program, and a control group that trained using traditional methods. The program lasted six weeks, with two training sessions per week. The results clearly demonstrated the superiority of the experimental group in developing speed endurance, as well as improving performance in essential basketball skills such as passing and shooting. These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating artificial intelligence and motion analysis in enhancing the athletic performance of young basketball players
Psychological Shyness and its Relationship to Learning Motivation in Long Jump Performance Among First Year Female Students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University
The current research aims to develop a scale for psychological shyness and motivation to learn effectively through the long jump, and apply it to first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at al-muthana University. The aim is to identify the correlation between psychological shyness and motivation to learn effectively through the long jump.To achieve this goal, the researcher employed a descriptive approach, along with survey and correlational studies, as they are appropriate for the nature of the research problem.The research population comprised (52) first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at al-muthana University for the academic year (2024-2025).The researcher then developed a scale for psychological shyness based on a scale prepared by Salwa Abdul Mahdi Manhil, consisting of (24) items with three alternatives: (fully applicable, sometimes applicable, and not applicable at all). The total score on the scale ranged from (24-72). The researcher also developed a learning motivation scale based on the scale prepared by Muhammad Jabbar Muhammad Al-Shammari. The scale consists of (27) items with five alternatives: (agree to a great extent, agree to a great extent, agree to a medium extent, agree to a small extent, agree to a very small extent). The total score for the scale ranges from (27-135). The researcher then conducted a pilot study and extracted the scientific foundations for the questionnaires. The two questionnaires were then ready for application. The researcher began implementing the main experiment on Sunday, January 11, 2025. After administering the questionnaires, the researcher was able to obtain the results. She then used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data and obtain the results. Based on this, she concluded that psychological shyness plays an important and effective role in learning motivation towards the long jump, as the results revealed significant correlations
motivation to learn effectively in long jump
Organizational laxity of middle and secondary school principals in the Dhi Qar Education Directorate and its impact on the professional affiliation of physical education teachers from their point of view
The current study aimed to know the reality of organizational laxity among school principals and its reflection on physical education teachers and the correlation between them, on a sample of physical education teachers in middle and preparatory schools affiliated with the Dhi Qar Education Directorate, numbering (200) teachers, who were randomly distributed into three samples (exploratory experiment (14), construction (123), application (63)), using the descriptive analytical approach and correlational relationships, through building and applying the organizational laxity scale consisting of three areas (laziness at work, alienation commitment, job frustration) distributed over (19) phrases, and the professional affiliation scale consisting of three areas (professional loyalty, continuity at work, job commitment) distributed over (17) phrases, and the results were processed through the statistical system (spss), and the most important conclusions were that the existence of organizational laxity among school principals shows limited practices that weaken administrative support for sports activities, which contributes to accumulations that affect the sustainability of the effective application of the sports curriculum. School principals' greater emphasis on academics than on sports indicates lax administrative control over coordination and the full implementation of educational curricula throughout the school year. The study recommended that administrative oversight be activated by the Educational Supervision Directorate to continuously monitor physical education lessons. School principals should also pay attention to the psychological and professional conditions of physical education teachers to maintain their commitment to their profession.
Improving the specific strength of the arms and trunk according to plank exercises and the performance of shot put for young women
The modern qualitative idea of ​​training experienced athletes is not only strengths but also extends to general strength training, reaching special strength training in the training stages specific to the different types of sports activities. The aim of sports training is not to be on the relief of what prompted the researcher to practice the special strength of the arms and trunk and the achievement of the players pushing the weight. The study aimed to prepare plank exercises to improve the special strength of the arms and trunk and the achievement. I learned with moral success between the pre- and post-tests with the well-being of the Al Ain players pushing the weight for the youth players, numbering (5), then trying the exercise in the field and field in the scouts’ stadium. I got the (plank) exercises to a lot of positive and effective on the wonderful special strength and contributes to facilitating the arms and trunk and the achievement. The research experiment recommended the possibility of applying plank exercises in the special strength facilities for events in special athletics to learn more to achieve better.
The Effect of Therapeutic Exercises on the Rehabilitation of Partial Achilles Tendon Rupture in the Ankle Joint Among Football Players
The participation in the rehabilitation of injuries among athletes and non-athletes from various sports, as well as the prevention and reduction of sports injuries and the restoration of athletes to their pre-injury condition, represent a fundamental goal in the sports field. Progressive rehabilitative exercises, applied from simple to complex, play a crucial role in restoring function and reducing pain among injured athletes. This study aimed to design and implement rehabilitation sessions composed of targeted exercises to treat partial Achilles’ tendon rupture in football players and to examine the differences between pre- and post-tests in static strength and balance. Using an experimental one-group pre–post design, the researcher applied the program to five football players aged 20–23 years, ensuring all exercises were performed correctly within the planned schedule. The results indicated that the rehabilitative exercises had a positive effect on balance and the studied physical attributes, enabling the players to return safely to play and competition. The study recommends adopting the proposed rehabilitation approach and emphasizes the importance of early treatment and rehabilitation of Achilles tendon injuries among football players.
Impact of an Assistive Device on Arm Movement Coordination in Freestyle Swimming Among Female Physical Education Students at Baghdad University
The arm plays a crucial role in the freestyle swimming stroke, especially during the propulsion phase, contributing significantly to efficient movement and limb coordination. However, many learners, particularly female students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Science at Baghdad University, face difficulties mastering this skill. Traditional training methods lack immediate feedback on arm force balance and quality, limiting opportunities for simultaneous motor learning and technical improvement. To address this, a new swimming aid was developed to quantitatively measure palm pressure during swimming movements. The device includes sensors on both hands, a data processing unit, and a real-time force coordination display that provides instant biomechanical feedback. A three-month pilot study was conducted where an experimental group trained with the device, while a control group followed conventional exercises. The study aimed to evaluate the device’s effectiveness in enhancing motor coordination and propulsion force balance. Results showed a statistically significant improvement, with the experimental group's average freestyle distance increasing from 14.125 to 20.687 meters, whereas the control group showed minimal change. The t-test confirmed the significance of these differences at p < 0.05. These findings highlight the added value of biomechanical feedback in physical education for improving motor skill performance and learning. The study provides strong evidence that this assistive device can effectively enhance swimming training techniques.