أسست مجلة التربية الرياضية عام (1990) وهي مجلة علمية رياضية فصلية متخصصة بنشر البحوث العلمية الخاصة بعلوم الرياضة، لأغراض النشر العلمي والترقيات العلمية، تصدرها كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة / جامعة بغداد، وصدر العدد الأول منها في نيسان (1990) وضم الإصدار (10) بحوث، وكان رئيس هيئة التحرير في ذلك الوقت عميد كلية التربية الرياضية الأستاذ الدكتور غسان محمد صادق، وسكرتير التحرير الدكتور علي عبد الزهرة الهاشمي، وتألفت هيئة التحرير من الذوات: أ.د. نزار مجيد الطالب. أ.د. عبد علي نصيف. أ.د. عباس احمد السامرائي. أ.د. منذر هاشم الخطيب. أ.د. وجيه محجوب. أ.د. قاسم المندلاوي. أ.د. شامل كامل.
College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of Baghdad
A Rehabilitation Program for Correcting Lateral Deviation Resulting from Lumbar Disc Injuries in Young Wrestlers
Lumbar disc injuries are among the most common issues affecting young wrestlers, often leading to functional disorders of the spine, notably lateral deviation, which negatively impacts motor performance and physical balance. This study aims to design a rehabilitation program based on specialized therapeutic exercises intended to correct lateral deviation, enhance spinal efficiency, and reduce associated pain. The research was conducted on a sample of young wrestlers suffering from lumbar disc herniation accompanied by lateral deviation, who underwent a structured rehabilitation program over a specific period that included core strengthening exercises, balance improvement drills, and stretching and relaxation activities. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated through pre- and post-intervention measurements, assessing deviation angle, pain intensity, and physical performance level. The results revealed a marked improvement in the correction of lateral deviation, a reduction in pain levels, and an enhancement in physical performance, confirming the efficiency of the rehabilitation program in promoting spinal function and mitigating the effects of lumbar disc injuries. The study recommends adopting such programs within therapeutic plans for injured wrestlers to ensure their safe and rapid return to competitive sports.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Journal of Physical Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The effect of the Appleton model on learning to perform the long jump for first-year students in the College of Basic Education
The research aimed to prepare educational units according to the Appleton model for teaching the long jump skill to first-stage students and to identify its impact on learning. The researcher adopted the experimental method with two equal groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The population consisted of 115 first-stage students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, for the academic year 2023–2024, distributed across six divisions (A–F). By lottery, two divisions were selected: Division (B) as the experimental group and Division (E) as the control group, with 25 students each (total 50, representing 43.47% of the population). The experimental group learned the long jump according to the Appleton model, while the control group followed the traditional imperative method used in the curriculum. After applying the pre- and post-tests and conducting statistical analyses, results showed that the Appleton model had a significant effect on learning the long jump, as it enhanced motivation through excitement, competition, and engagement, making the learning process easier and more effective. The study recommends adopting the Appleton model in teaching long jump and other sports skills, given its role in achieving educational objectives and improving performance at different age and educational levels
A survey Study to Measure the level of Motivation a Squash lesson for junior students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
Human behavior is one of the topics that has captured the attention of researchers throughout the ages, and motivation is one of the manifestations of this behavior, which indicates the extent of interest in a particular topic and their unwillingness to rush towards a particular topic. The topic of motivation is one of the important topics of interest to the teacher and coach in the field of sports. The aim of this research was identifying the level of motivation for junior students, and the differences in the dimensions of motivation for junior students in squash lessons. We used the descriptive survey method, and the research sample was chosen randomly. Only male of the junior students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad, where the research sample represents 15 % of the research community. We used the scale distributed in the form for measuring the motivation, and the results showed there are differences in the level of motivation among junior students in motivation scale, and there are not significant between the five dimensions for motivation scale. And recommend to Focus on the psychological aspects of squash students and develop their self-confidence to enable them to control their emotions. Finally, we must engage the junior students in training and refereeing courses, in cooperation with the Federation.
Evaluating the performance of the coaches of the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation from the point of view of players and experts
This study focuses on evaluating the performance of coaches of the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation from the perspectives of both athletes and experts, emphasizing the critical role of gymnastics as a foundation for many other sports. The significance of the research lies in improving evaluation mechanisms for gymnastics coaches through the use of validated questionnaires and scientific models, thereby enhancing coaches’ effectiveness and consequently the athletes’ performance. The study employed a descriptive–survey method and included a statistical population of 340 participants, comprising athletes and experts from the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation. Data collection was conducted using the Performance Evaluation Questionnaire developed by Rouhani et al. (2012), which demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.943. The findings revealed that the average performance evaluation of coaches from both athletes (M = 4.23) and experts (M = 4.24) was significantly higher than the theoretical mean (3), indicating satisfactory coaching performance. Among the evaluated dimensions, the “technical-educational factor” emerged as the most important, followed by team and individual management, team retention, experience, and behavioral-educational aspects. Furthermore, results indicated no significant differences between athletes’ and experts’ evaluations. In conclusion, the overall performance of Iraqi Gymnastics Federation coaches was found to be within the expected standards, with technical-educational factors playing the most critical role in performance evaluation. The study recommends prioritizing the enhancement of coaches’ technical and educational competencies, alongside strengthening behavioral and managerial skills, to ensure comprehensive improvement in both coaching practices and athletes’ achievements.
Assessment of Lower Limb Joint Postural Deformities Using APECS among Male Physical Education and Sport Science Applicants
The Alignment Posture Evaluation and Correction System (APECS) is a non-radiographic AI-based mobile application designed to assess body posture safely and accurately, unlike X-rays, which may be harmful and less precise. This study used APECS version 2.0 (DXM model) to detect lower limb deformities in hip, knee, and foot joints among 60 male applicants to the College of Physical Education and Sports Science. Full-limb images with anatomical markers were captured, and joint angles were automatically calculated by the software. Results indicated deformities in the hip (18.35%), knee (26.61%), and foot (41.28%). The program demonstrated high accuracy, with a 98.74% matching rate and 94.64% agreement, confirming its validity as a reliable, non-invasive tool for assessing lower limb postural deformities in prospective students.
The Contribution of Leadership Vigilance to the Implementation of Functional Tasks by Administrators of Local Volleyball Championships
The present study aimed to develop two measurement scales—one for leadership vigilance and another for the implementation of functional tasks—in the context of managing local volleyball championships. It further sought to assess the levels of these two variables from the perspective of administrators, and to examine the contribution and effect of leadership vigilance on task execution. The descriptive correlational method was employed in line with the nature of the research problem. The study population comprised 141 administrators of local volleyball championships during the 2024/2025 sports season, all of whom were deliberately included (100%) through comprehensive enumeration and divided into three subsamples according to the study requirements. After constructing the two scales, they were applied to the participants, and the results were analyzed using SPSS. The findings confirmed the validity of the scales for measuring leadership vigilance and functional task implementation. Results revealed that administrators demonstrated acceptable levels in both domains, and that higher leadership vigilance was significantly and positively correlated with improved task implementation. The study concluded that leadership vigilance plays an essential role in enhancing administrators’ effectiveness in managing volleyball championships. Accordingly, the researcher recommended focusing on specialized measurement and professional development programs to strengthen leadership vigilance, thereby improving task performance and contributing to the overall advancement of federation management.
Analysis of Training Load During the Special Preparation and Competition Periods Using Physiological Indicators in U19 Football Players via Smart Bracelet
The importance of the study lies in highlighting the role of smartwatches as a modern tool for analyzing training load based on functional indicators, such as heart rate and calorie consumption. This allows coaches to monitor individual players’ responses during different training periods, helping to improve physical performance efficiency and reduce the risk of overload-induced fatigue. The study aimed to analyze calorie consumption at different heart rate levels between the special preparation and competition periods for youth football players, with the goal of determining the effect of physiological adaptation on energy efficiency. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. A purposive simple sample of 20 youth players representing the youth team of Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Club was selected, with weights ranging between 60–75 kg. A pilot experiment was conducted on a small sample of players to test the accuracy of smartwatches in measuring heart rate and calorie consumption by comparing them with standard measurement devices. The results showed good agreement in heart rate measurement and a slight deviation in calorie consumption, confirming their validity for use in the study after calibration.
Investigation of the quality levels of foreign students who educate in DPU faculty of sports sciences and foreign students at different faculties
The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of life of foreign students studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences and international students studying at different faculties at DPU. In this context, "University Quality of Life Scale" was applied to determine the quality of life of students. The research data were obtained from a total of 272 students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Business Administration,Faculty of Education and Faculty of Engineering. One-way ANOVA test was used for data analysis. The quality of life of the students,faculty, gender,educational status, place of residence,leisure time, time of arrival in Turkey and finally welfare level were analyzed . The quality of life of the student differed significantly according to the faculty,gender,education level,place of residence,and leisure time. It was observed that there was no significant difference in the variables of arrival in Turkey and welfare level.
Mineral and sugar concentrations taken during matches and their effect on some physical and functional abilities of football players
Many athletes believe that it enhances the level of performance during training and competition, in addition to compensating for fluids during exercise when the levels of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere rise during the athlete's intensive training, as it increases the requirements for fluid compensation to avoid the risk of potential thermal disorders. If training continues for more than an hour causing fatigue, athletes are advised to drink carbohydrate drinks that quickly convert to glucose in the blood, while sodium should be included in the fluids consumed during exercise or matches that last more than (1-2 hours). The effect of drinking a drink containing 12% carbohydrates and electrolytes before each half of a simulated football match facilitates the maintenance of passing performance and improves the ability of high-intensity running in football academy players. This study aims to know the effect of mineral and sugar solutions with different mineral concentrations 2%-5% with a carbohydrate percentage of 10% in an amount of 500 ml of water on some physical abilities and functional indicators. The study was conducted on football academy players aged 15-16 years, where the research sample amounted to 20 players and they were divided into two groups for each group (n = 10 experimental 1 took 2% mineral salts and 10% sugar) (n = 10 experimental 2 took 5% mineral salts and 10% sugar) ) They were trained three training units per week and the field experiment was conducted on them by holding matches within the academy's football activity while they represented one of the teams. The study concluded that.
Pulmonary Function Differences between Trained Padel Players and Physically Inactive Young Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
This study aimed to assess and compare pulmonary function parameters between trained padel players and physically inactive young adult males in Saudi Arabia. Forty-eight participants (23 padel players, 25 untrained controls), aged 20.8 ± 1.67 years, underwent spirometry testing using the MIR New Spirolab device following international standards and scholarly exercise physiology frameworks and guidelines. The assessments included static lung volumes, dynamic capacities, and maximal ventilatory performance. The trained padel players demonstrated significantly higher values in inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, and maximal voluntary ventilation compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The study revealed no differences between the groups regarding tidal volume measurements and forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratios. The study results show that regular padel training leads to better pulmonary function, which suggests the sport can enhance respiratory fitness in active people.
Impact of ACTN3 Gene Polymorphism (R577X) on Physical Performance in Wrestlers of 74 kg Weight
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and muscle strength, vertical jump, and 30 m sprint performance in wrestlers. RR were better performers in each of the assessed items compared with RX and XX athletes. The findings were consistent with the hypothesis of ACTN3 dominance in strength, power, and sprint performance, at least for power-oriented athletes. For all participants, there was a positive relationship between both indices of muscle strength and vertical jump height and negative relationships between these indices and sprint time, suggesting that greater muscle strength was related to improved sprint performance. These results emphasize the genetic component in sports performance and the possibility of using genetic information for talent identification and support optimization. The authors note that future research should investigate the interaction between ACTN3 and other genetic factors associated with athletic ability, as well as ethical concerns regarding the use of genetic information in sports. Overall, this investigation adds to the understanding of how genetics may contribute to athletic performance and better training for power sports.
The Effect of Specialized Exercises Based on Mechanical Principles on Diagonal Attacks from Positions (2) and (4) Among Third-Year Students in Volleyball
Researchers and specialists in the fields of educational sciences strive to enhance the academic level of their students. Among the most prominent of these sciences is sports science, which encompasses various specializations, curricula, and theories. This has driven professionals in this field to constantly seek the most effective, shortest, and simplest ways to achieve high-quality outcomes through experimentation and practical application. The aim of this research was to develop specialized exercises based on mechanical principles for diagonal attacks from positions (2) and (4) among third-year volleyball students. The study also aimed to determine whether these exercises are more effective than conventional training in influencing the targeted research variables. The researchers employed an experimental approach involving both a control and an experimental group, using pre- and post-tests. Two specific tests were administered, focusing on diagonal attacking skills from positions (2) and (4). The research sample consisted of 12 third-year students from the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Farahidi University (academic year 2024–2025), who were deliberately selected as top-performing students and divided into two groups (experimental and control), each comprising six students. The SPSS statistical software package was used to analyze the results. After presenting and discussing the results, the study concluded that there was a statistically significant improvement in both groups between the pre- and post-tests. Additionally, a significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests. The researchers recommend the adoption of these exercises due to their significant effectiveness.
Professional Challenges Faced by Physical Education Teachers in Completing Their Daily Lessons from Other Academic Subjects
This study aims to identify the professional challenges faced by physical education teachers in completing their teaching assignments (sports education lessons) due to the inclusion of other academic subjects in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh. The researchers adopted a descriptive methodology, covering a research sample of 317 male and female physical education teachers in Nineveh’s schools. Appropriate scientific procedures and statistical methods were employed. The findings indicate that physical education teachers are highly aware of the significance of the professional challenges they face, showing closely related arithmetic averages. The professional challenges identified by the researchers are equally significant for male and female teachers.
The Effect of a Training Program Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques According to Physical Fitness Level Using Motion Sensors (Accelerometer & Gyroscope) on Developing Explosive Power and Passing and Shooting Skills Among Young Basketball Players
Basketball training no longer relies solely on coaches' personal experience or traditional on-field repetition. Instead, it has undergone a qualitative shift thanks to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which have become effective tools in analyzing performance and guiding training with precision and objectivity. In light of rapid technological advancements, it is now possible to obtain accurate motion data that surpasses human observational capabilities, enabling the design of individualized training programs tailored to each player's needs. The research problem stems from field observations indicating a decline in the performance level of several young basketball players during matches in the Iraqi league. This decline is attributed to difficulties in maintaining a high level of physical and technical performance throughout the game, especially during extended periods of play or under conditions that require sustained high effort. This leads to a drop in passing accuracy and weaker performance in one-on-one situations.In response to these challenges, the researcher designed an innovative training program based on AI technologies, utilizing performance sensors (Accelerometer & Gyroscope) to assess and analyze each player's physical level and adapt training accordingly.The study adopted an experimental methodology using two groups: an experimental group that underwent the AI-based training program, and a control group that trained using traditional methods. The program lasted six weeks, with two training sessions per week. The results clearly demonstrated the superiority of the experimental group in developing speed endurance, as well as improving performance in essential basketball skills such as passing and shooting. These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating artificial intelligence and motion analysis in enhancing the athletic performance of young basketball players
Psychological Shyness and its Relationship to Learning Motivation in Long Jump Performance Among First Year Female Students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University
The current research aims to develop a scale for psychological shyness and motivation to learn effectively through the long jump, and apply it to first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at al-muthana University. The aim is to identify the correlation between psychological shyness and motivation to learn effectively through the long jump.To achieve this goal, the researcher employed a descriptive approach, along with survey and correlational studies, as they are appropriate for the nature of the research problem.The research population comprised (52) first-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at al-muthana University for the academic year (2024-2025).The researcher then developed a scale for psychological shyness based on a scale prepared by Salwa Abdul Mahdi Manhil, consisting of (24) items with three alternatives: (fully applicable, sometimes applicable, and not applicable at all). The total score on the scale ranged from (24-72). The researcher also developed a learning motivation scale based on the scale prepared by Muhammad Jabbar Muhammad Al-Shammari. The scale consists of (27) items with five alternatives: (agree to a great extent, agree to a great extent, agree to a medium extent, agree to a small extent, agree to a very small extent). The total score for the scale ranges from (27-135). The researcher then conducted a pilot study and extracted the scientific foundations for the questionnaires. The two questionnaires were then ready for application. The researcher began implementing the main experiment on Sunday, January 11, 2025. After administering the questionnaires, the researcher was able to obtain the results. She then used the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data and obtain the results. Based on this, she concluded that psychological shyness plays an important and effective role in learning motivation towards the long jump, as the results revealed significant correlations
motivation to learn effectively in long jump
Organizational laxity of middle and secondary school principals in the Dhi Qar Education Directorate and its impact on the professional affiliation of physical education teachers from their point of view
The current study aimed to know the reality of organizational laxity among school principals and its reflection on physical education teachers and the correlation between them, on a sample of physical education teachers in middle and preparatory schools affiliated with the Dhi Qar Education Directorate, numbering (200) teachers, who were randomly distributed into three samples (exploratory experiment (14), construction (123), application (63)), using the descriptive analytical approach and correlational relationships, through building and applying the organizational laxity scale consisting of three areas (laziness at work, alienation commitment, job frustration) distributed over (19) phrases, and the professional affiliation scale consisting of three areas (professional loyalty, continuity at work, job commitment) distributed over (17) phrases, and the results were processed through the statistical system (spss), and the most important conclusions were that the existence of organizational laxity among school principals shows limited practices that weaken administrative support for sports activities, which contributes to accumulations that affect the sustainability of the effective application of the sports curriculum. School principals' greater emphasis on academics than on sports indicates lax administrative control over coordination and the full implementation of educational curricula throughout the school year. The study recommended that administrative oversight be activated by the Educational Supervision Directorate to continuously monitor physical education lessons. School principals should also pay attention to the psychological and professional conditions of physical education teachers to maintain their commitment to their profession.
Impact of an Assistive Device on Arm Movement Coordination in Freestyle Swimming Among Female Physical Education Students at Baghdad University
The arm plays a crucial role in the freestyle swimming stroke, especially during the propulsion phase, contributing significantly to efficient movement and limb coordination. However, many learners, particularly female students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Science at Baghdad University, face difficulties mastering this skill. Traditional training methods lack immediate feedback on arm force balance and quality, limiting opportunities for simultaneous motor learning and technical improvement. To address this, a new swimming aid was developed to quantitatively measure palm pressure during swimming movements. The device includes sensors on both hands, a data processing unit, and a real-time force coordination display that provides instant biomechanical feedback. A three-month pilot study was conducted where an experimental group trained with the device, while a control group followed conventional exercises. The study aimed to evaluate the device’s effectiveness in enhancing motor coordination and propulsion force balance. Results showed a statistically significant improvement, with the experimental group's average freestyle distance increasing from 14.125 to 20.687 meters, whereas the control group showed minimal change. The t-test confirmed the significance of these differences at p < 0.05. These findings highlight the added value of biomechanical feedback in physical education for improving motor skill performance and learning. The study provides strong evidence that this assistive device can effectively enhance swimming training techniques.
The effect of special exercises using a random visual device to develop the response speed of goalkeepers in futsal
The objective of the research was to develop the response speed of futsal goalkeepers through the use of a random optical device due to the importance of the goalkeepers' response speed in blocking the ball. The lack of response speed in blocking the ball is a problem, in addition to the lack of training of goalkeepers with advanced devices. The experimental method was used by designing the control and experimental groups in a manner that suited the nature of the study problem. The study sample was deliberately selected from some teams of the colleges of the University of Baghdad, numbering 16 futsal goalkeepers, 8 in the experimental group, and 8 in the control group. After conducting the exercises, analyzing, and discussing the results, the researcher concluded that statistically significant differences were found in the post-tests in favor of the experimental group. Through this, the researcher reached some conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is that the use of the random optical device develops the response speed of futsal goalkeepers. Additionally, the effect of repeated exercises had a positive impact on the performance results.
The effect of the progressive inquiry model on creative thinking and learning to perform the smash and court defense skills in volleyball for students
The aim of the research was to prepare educational exercises and employ them using the progressive inquiry model to learn to perform the skills of smashing and defending the court in volleyball for students, and to identify the effect of the progressive inquiry model on creative thinking and learning to perform the skills of smashing and defending the court in volleyball for students. The experimental research method was adopted by designing two equal experimental and control groups with tight control in the pre- and post-tests. The limits of the community of this problem were represented by the fifth-grade preparatory students from the (1 June) Secondary School for Boys for the academic year (2024/2025), numbering (99) students, from whom (66) students were chosen for the research sample, representing (66.667%) of their original community. Then, students from the experimental group and the other control group were chosen from them in equal numbers. (20) students were chosen for the sample of the scientific foundations of the creative thinking test, representing (20.202%) of their original community. The remaining (13) students were also chosen for the exploratory experiment sample, representing (13%) of their original community. (13.131%) of their original community, and after determining the tests of the three dependent variables and completing the preparation of the educational exercises and employing them with the progressive inquiry model, the pre-tests were applied as a start to the research experiment, and then applying the vocabulary of the educational exercises with the progressive inquiry model in practical physical education lessons to the students of the experimental group, while the students of the control group apply the method followed as it is in their practical lessons, and completing this experiment by applying the post-tests, and processing the results by means of the (SPSS) system to be the conclusions and recommendations that preparing educational exercises with the progressive inquiry model in the educational units of practical volleyball lessons is suitable for fifth-grade middle school students, and that applying them in the educational units of practical volleyball lessons helps improve the level of creative thinking and helps in learning to perform the skills of smashing and defending the court in volleyball for students who learn with it, and with superiority over students who learn without it, and it is necessary when preparing educational exercises with the progressive inquiry model to give (2) minutes before performing each exercise from them to enable students to investigate and improve creative thinking in the educational units to learn skill performance With volleyball.
The effect of rehabilitation exercises associated with local electrical stimulation according to the feeling of pain in the treatment of some cases of peripheral neuritis for women aged (50-55) years
The aim of the research was to develop rehabilitative exercises accompanied by electrical stimulation based on the perception of pain for women aged 50–55 years, and to identify the effect of these rehabilitative exercises accompanied by electrical stimulation—based on pain perception—on treating certain cases of peripheral neuropathy in women within the same age group. Accordingly, the researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental group's electromyography (EMG) measurements, as well as statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of pain level measurements using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for the experimental group. The experimental research methodology was adopted using a one-group experimental design. The boundaries of the current research population were defined as women aged 50–55 years, with a total number of 9 patients who regularly attended the Al-Karkh Hospital / Physiotherapy Unit. All of them were deliberately selected using the comprehensive enumeration method, making up 100% of this population sample. The tests were determined, and rehabilitative exercises accompanied by electrical stimulation based on pain perception were designed. The experiment began with the pre-tests, followed by the implementation of these exercises. The duration of each rehabilitation session ranged from 28.5 to 32.36 minutes, with three sessions per week held on Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday. Each session included four exercises and continued for eight consecutive weeks, resulting in 24 rehabilitation sessions. The experiment concluded with the post-tests. After processing the research results using the SPSS system, the conclusions and applications indicated that the rehabilitative exercises accompanied by electrical stimulation based on pain perception were suitable for women aged 50–55 years suffering from certain cases of peripheral neuropathy. These exercises had a positive effect on improving the EMG signals of the gastrocnemius muscles in both the right and left legs by increasing the peak level and reducing the spread area of the electrical signal. They also helped reduce pain levels as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in cases of peripheral neuropathy. It is essential to pay attention to the duration of the transitional rest period between electrical stimulation and the application of rehabilitative exercises based on pain perception when rehabilitating women aged 50–55 years with peripheral neuropathy. Furthermore, it is necessary to rely on the use of TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) current type when rehabilitating women in this age group to help reduce VAS-measured pain levels.
A comparative study of the psychological traits and group cohesion traits among the playing lines of young football players under (20) years of age
This study investigates the differences in psychological climate and group cohesion across different playing lines (defense, midfield, attack, and goalkeepers) among youth football players under 20 years of age in the Iraqi Premier League. Recognizing the critical role psychological factors play in athletic performance, the researchers aimed to determine how these variables vary based on players' field positions. A descriptive comparative approach was employed, involving a purposive sample of 148 players (representing 75.51% of the research population). Two validated scales were used: the Psychological Climate Scale (Al-Hayali, 2011) and the Group Cohesion Scale (Alawi, 1984). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and the LSD test for post hoc comparisons. Findings revealed statistically significant differences in psychological climate among playing lines, particularly between midfielders and both defenders (p = 0.011) and attackers (p < 0.001), favoring attackers. No significant differences were found in group cohesion across the playing lines (p > 0.05). These results suggest that midfielders experience distinct psychological pressures due to their pivotal role in connecting defense and attack, potentially affecting their perception of the team environment. The study underscores the importance of tailored psychological training and leadership strategies that consider positional roles. Enhancing psychological climate—especially among midfielders—may contribute to improved performance and team synergy. Coaches are encouraged to promote balanced cohesion and address psychological disparities to foster a unified and mentally resilient team.
The effect of using the strategy Learning by playing for some skills handball patting According to the curriculum for female students Second stage, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad
The aim of the research was to identify On the effect of the learning-by-play strategy on learning some handball skills among second-stage female students,Comparing the results of students' performance before and after implementing the learning by playing strategy,Providing development proposals for teaching handball skills in light of the research results.,I dependresearcherCurriculumexperimentalIn research procedures as an appropriate approach to achieving research objectives,For two groups, one experimental and the other control,Community of female studentsSecondFor the academic year 2024-2025, consisting of (4Female people (numbering)151) StudentChosen.Research sample30 female students from Section (B) were selected and (4) female students were excluded for the exploratory experiment. The researcher divided the sample, which numbered (26) female students, into two groups randomly: an experimental group in which the (learning by playing method) was used, and a control group (in which the extended curriculum was used). Conclusions Interactive activities and games accompanying the educational units contributed to developing and enhancing understanding and practical application of the skill. Educational units prepared and designed according to the play method proved to be effective in achieving the cognitive and skill objectives of the subject. The play-based learning method enhanced students' motivation towards good learning, and raised the level of participation and interaction within the educational unit. Recommendations: - Involve students in evaluating educational activities. Adopt the play-based learning method in teaching basic skills for all sports. Encourage teachers to design educational units that integrate play-based learning in the early stages of education. Conduct more research on other handball skills and other activities. Conduct more modern strategies for learning sports skills and compare them with traditional ones.
The Effect of Corrective Exercises on Some Biomechanical Variables and the Performance of the Hand Jump Skill in the Junior Category
The study aimed to highlight the importance of corrective exercises and to address the development and status of athletic activities. It also emphasized the significant role of human movement in the successful execution of various sports performances. Furthermore, the study explored the field of biomechanics and its relationship to optimal performance through motion analysis. The significance of this research lies in designing corrective exercises for a selected sample group with the intention of improving their performance, overcoming technical faults, and achieving better athletic results. The front handspring skill on the floor exercise mat is considered one of the most difficult techniques for athletes, due to its requirements for technical precision and motor coordination. During a particular phase of the skill, the body reaches a handstand position, necessitating accurate synchronization between the force exerted by the hands against the ground and the moment the body’s center of gravity passes through the imaginary vertical axis.
Special exercises using tools and their effect on teaching the skill of a front shoulder circle on the rings apparatus in artistic gymnastics for students
Sports skills in some individual games require physical and motor qualities to facilitate the process of skill performance and also require the instructor or trainer to use more than one strategy, method and way to bring the performance to the level of mastery and avoid injury. The aim of the research is to know the effect of using special exercises using tools and their effect on teaching the skill of a front shoulder circle. The research hypothesis is that using special exercises with tools has a positive effect on teaching the skill of a front shoulder circle on the rings apparatus. Research method: - The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equal groups, the control and the experimental, to suit the research procedures. Research community: - The research community was determined by (341) students distributed over (10) sections of the third stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Baghdad. As for the research sample, they are the third stage, Section (L), and their number is (30) students. The injured and failed ones were excluded and the sample settled on (20 students). The research sample formed a percentage of (5.86%). As for the exploratory experiment sample, the researchers used (5) students from the same department from outside the experimental sample. The researcher concluded that the exercises using the tools had a clear impact on learning the anterior shoulder circle skill - and that the design of the exercises was consistent with its fluidity and did not hinder the scope of learning the skill, in addition to adding a kind of comfort and safety when performing and not getting injured. The researchers recommended conducting other studies using special exercises in artistic gymnastics on other devices.
The effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the special endurance and some offensive skills of handball players
The importance of the research emerged in using a type of modern methods as an attempt to improve performance and develop special endurance. A set of exercises in the HIIT style was developed as a comprehensive and intensive training program in a scientifically studied manner that can enhance and develop special endurance and various offensive skills for female handball players. These qualities contribute greatly to increasing endurance and improving their offensive performance on the field. The research aimed to prepare exercises according to the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) method in developing special endurance and offensive skills for female handball players. The researchers adopted the experimental research method by designing a single group with tight control in the pre- and post-tests. The research community was represented by the players of the Al-Talaba Sports Club، numbering (10) players who continue training. They were chosen intentionally. The training program was implemented on Sunday (10/3/2024) until (10/6/2024). The duration of the training program was (12) weeks، with three training units per week، and the total number of training units was (36) training units. The training days were Saturday، Monday and Wednesday. The training unit time (120) minutes، and the time of the main part of the training unit was (80) minutes، and the intensity used ranged from (85 - 95%)، from the first training unit to the last training unit، and the total repetitions ranged from (3-10) and the groups (3-4) within the training unit، and these exercises are characterized by the presence of an intermediate rest between the exercises in the form of positive rest (jogging or stretching exercises)، and the pre-tests were conducted on the research sample on (Saturday and Sunday) corresponding to (10-9/3/2024) at 3 pm، and the experiment was completed by applying the post-tests on Wednesday and Thursday (12-13\6\2024)، and the researchers used the statistical package SPSS version (26) to calculate the values ​​of the arithmetic mean، standard deviation، skewness coefficient، percentage and t-test، and the researchers concluded that the interval training (HIIT) had a positive effect in developing the special endurance، which was reflected in developing the performance of the players in the research sample، and the researchers recommend using High-intensity interval training (HIIT) method in developing physical abilities and offensive skills of female handball players.
The most important quantitative determinants affecting the transfer market of professional football players in Iraq
The research aimed to streamline the process for sports clubs in identifying and contracting professional players, focusing on the key quantitative determinants in the players’ transfer market to assess their technical and commercial value. Additionally, it sought to achieve financial returns for the National Federation through the management of market access and the imposition of participation fees. The researchers employed a descriptive-analytical approach with correlational analysis to examine real-world data and identify relationships among variables, addressing the research objectives and questions. The study population comprised employees of the Iraqi Football Association involved in managing the Iraqi Stars League for the 2024-2025 season. The initial measure of quantitative determinants included 61 items, which was refined to 42 after establishing its scientific foundations. Key findings highlighted the Iraqi Football Federation’s interest in establishing a professional players’ transfer market in Iraq and its intention to assist clubs in reducing the time and effort required for contracting players. Based on these results, the researchers recommended creating a “virtual sports market” for player transfers in Iraq, incorporating quantitative determinants overseen by the Technical, Competitions, and Legal Committees. Furthermore, the management of this market should be conducted by the LALIQA Association under the direct supervision of the Executive Office of the Iraqi Football Federation, ensuring effective organization, transparency, and enhanced operational efficiency.
Financial Licensing and Club Sustainability
Artificial intelligence is employed in studying the relationship between some physical measurements and the accuracy to the young goalkeepers in football
Physical measurements are one of the basic factors that affect the performance of the goalkeeper, especially when confronting fixed kicks that require special skills such as the reaction and accuracy in concentration, and with technological development artificial intelligence has become an effective tool for analyzing mathematical data that is difficult to discover in traditional methods The study aims to employ techniques Artificial intelligence to study the relationship between physical measurements and the accuracy of confronting the fixed kicks of goalkeepers in football. This study will contribute to providing a deeper understanding of physical factors that affect the performance of goalkeepers, in addition to designing dedicated training models and programs that depend on scientific data and the research sample was for specialized school players. For football (12) players. As for the research curriculum, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, studying correlation relationships, to comprehend them, and the nature of the problem. As for the procedures used, it was through the use of the GPT application and using libraries such as Python and a questionnaire. The search results were the mass 0.004 and the total length 0.001 The length of the arm is 0.001, the width of the shoulders 0.062, and the length of the man 0.061 is moral with the degree of freedom 11 at an error ratio 0.05 As for the conclusions, there is a relationship between physical measurements and the accuracy of confronting high -minded and opposition kicks. The research problem was to study the physical measurements of emerging players and identify their relationship accurately to confront fixed kicks because of its great importance in achieving good results during the match.
Contribute to the pivotal thinking skills in performing the transmission skill from Volleyball Fourth preparatory grade adolescents
The aim of this study was to identify the level of critical thinking skills among fourth-grade middle school students and to determine the performance level of the underhand volleyball pass, with the assumption that there is a positive relationship between critical thinking and skill performance. The study population included 281 students from Basra Preparatory School for Girls under the Second Baghdad Education Directorate for the 2024/2025 academic year, of whom 275 students were intentionally selected as the research sample (97.865% of the population). The experimental procedure involved applying a critical thinking scale and a technical performance test for the underhand pass on 25 students per day over 11 days, from February 9 to February 23, 2025, excluding Fridays and Saturdays. During this period, students had already been taught the underhand pass within the curriculum. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and results indicated that students possessed an acceptable level of critical thinking skills and an acceptable level of performance in the underhand pass. Moreover, higher levels of critical thinking were associated with improved skill performance, demonstrating a direct positive impact. The study recommends that physical education teachers incorporate critical thinking assessment and training into volleyball lessons to enhance both cognitive and practical skill development.
The effect of rehabilitation exercises with diversity of resistors and moving balance tools in rehabilitating rupture of the second type of muscles for the thigh of the soccer players
The aim of the research is to prepare rehabilitation with the diversity of resistors and moving balance tools for football players with rupture of the second type of muscles of the thigh, identifying the effect of qualifying exercises with the diversity of resistors and moving balance tools in developing the angle of dimensions out and the strength of the connective muscles of the interior and the level of pain for football players with a rupture of the second type of muscles of the thigh, Experimental design, the experimental and control groups, and the boundaries of the research community with football players who are injured by the Physiotherapy Division of the Baghdad Education Hospital in the Department of Medicine City, whose total number (17) were injured, and they are in nature from various popular clubs in Baghdad and they are ages between (17-19) years, of whom he was chosen for the research sample (16) injured (94.118 %) of their society. Then they divided into two equal number groups, and one of them was chosen as a livestock to be the experimental group, and the other is controlled, and the tests of the identical to recover from this injury were identified, and the preparation of (18) treatment sessions were applied by (3) sessions per week, and for a period of (6) weeks on the injured of the experimental group, and treatment of tribal and remote tests after the experiment ends with a system (SPSS) for the conclusions that the qualifying exercises with the diversity of resistors and moving balance tools are suitable for therapeutic sessions of the injured football players., And it has a positive effect in developing a force that includes the interior of the connective muscles of the thigh, and it has a positive impact on developing the dimensions of the dimensions outside of the connective muscles of the thigh, and it has a positive effect in reducing the level of pain degree V The connective of the thigh is for football players with a rupture of the second type, The recommendations were that it was necessary not to exaggerate the diversification between resistors and moving balance tools in therapeutic sessions of the luxury muscles of the thigh of the soccer players with rupture of the second type, and the level of pain degree V.A.S) must be adopted) and with caveats when the difficulties of the qualifying exercises for the rehabilitation of the connective muscles of the thigh for the soccer players with the rupture of the second type to preserve Muscle fiber from increased rupture in this affected muscle
The effect of anaerobic exercises on some physical and skill variables in developing scoring accuracy for youth football players
If the first segment includes the introduction and the significance of the research, then there were four sections in all. Given that football relies on physical prowess, talent, and functionality to translate attacks, the researcher briefly discussed the significance of sports training science to the game's realism. The significance of the stud in the impact of aerobic workouts focusing on a few skill and physical factors in developing the accuracy of scoring, but the problem of the research lies in the omission of the use of ccording to a precise level, aerobic workouts for certain both physically and technically capabilities in the daily training units impacted their offensive performance deficiency, which is the primary pillar on which the findings are based of the matches are based. The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of anaerobic workouts on certain physical and skill characteristics and to prepare anaerobic exercises on these variables in order to improve the accuracy of scoring young football players. in folding the accuracy of scoring fo During the football game, the researcher used the skill and physical tests. Ten players were assigned to the experimental group, while ten players were assigned to the control group. The investigator employed the statistical r football players in their youth. The human field of study comprised (10/1/202025) until (25/3/202025) The arena of the. student sports club served as the spatial field. The investigation used the experimental approach and the research sample consisted of (20) players from the Student Sports Club for the youth category. bag (spss ) to obtain the outcomes. The study came to the conclusion that aerobic exercises effects on a few skill and physical factors and the influence on the accuracy of scoring provided by the investigator for the youth football players since it has a favorable effect. Therefore, the researcher recommends the interest of the trainers to use aerobic workouts that focus on certain physical and skill variables in their daily instruction curricula that affect the accuracy of scoring the youth football players