The Effect of Special Exercises Using a Mirror on Learning the Back Roundhouse Kick (Hajw - Jaki) among Taekwondo Learners Aged 12–14 Years
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37359/JOPE.V38(3)2026.2630Keywords:
Taekwondo, Teaching Mirror, Visual Feedback, Motor BalanceAbstract
This research objectives to determine the impact of utilizing a mirror as a teaching tool on learning the back roundhouse kick (Hajw - Jaki) in Taekwondo among learners aged 12-14. The researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups. The research sample consisted of 20 learners randomly separated into two same groups: an experimental group of 10 learners who learned using a mirror and a control group of 10 learners who learned using the traditional method without a mirror. The experiment lasted for six weeks with three training sessions per week, totaling 18 training sessions .The researcher used a form to evaluate the skill performance of the back roundhouse kick and employed pre- and post-tests to measure learning levels. The learning conditions for both groups were standardized in terms of coach, time, content, location and number of repetitions with the only difference being the use of a mirror. The data were statistically analyzed using the mean, standard deviation and t-tests for paired and independent samples.The results present a statistically significant development in the performance of both groups between the pre- and post-tests with the improvement being greater in the experimental group. The findings also indicated no significant differences between the two groups in the pre-test while significant differences emerged in the post-test in favor of the experimental group demonstrating the effectiveness of using a mirror in improving skill learning. The research concluded that the mirror is an effective teaching tool for learning complex motor skills in Taekwondo as it provides immediate visual feedback that contributes to correcting errors and improving balance, accuracy and motor coordination. The research recommended its adoption in teaching Taekwondo learners aged 12-14 and conducting similar studies on other skills and age groups.
References
Al-Farijawi, Ahmed Hadi Juma. (2023). Special exercises using assistive devices according to the differentiated instruction strategy (visual, auditory) and their effect on learning and retaining some Taekwondo skills for specialized school players aged 12-14 years. Doctoral dissertation. University of Baghdad. College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
Chen, Y., Wang, P., Bai, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). Effects of mirror training on motor performance in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000590. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000590
Cheng, K. B., Wang, Y. H., Kuo, S. Y., Wang, K. M., & Huang, Y. C. (2015). Perform kicking with or without jumping: Joint coordination and kinetic differences between Taekwondo back kicks and jumping back kicks. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(15), 1614–1621. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.1003585
Chung, P., & Ng, G. (2012). Taekwondo training improves the neuromotor excitability and reaction of large and small muscles. Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.07.003
Diller, F., Scheuermann, G., & Wiebel, A. (2022). Visual Cue Based Corrective Feedback for Motor Skill Training in Mixed Reality: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 30, 3121-3134. https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3227999
Fong, S. S. M., Fu, S. N., & Ng, G. Y. F. (2012). Taekwondo training speeds up the development of balance and sensory functions in young adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.001
Goudini, R., Ashrafpoornavaee, S., & Farsi, A. (2019). The effects of self-controlled and instructor-controlled feedback on motor learning and intrinsic motivation among novice adolescent taekwondo players. 49(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.5507/AG.2019.002
Han, Y., & Ji, L. (2022). Feedback for Promoting Motor Skill Learning in Physical Education: A Trial Sequential Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215361
Jung, T., & Park, H. (2022). Contributions of body segments to the toe velocity during Taekwondo roundhouse kick. Applied Sciences, 12(15), 7928. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157928
Kal, E., Ellmers, T. J., Hogg, J. A., Slutsky-Ganesh, A. B., Bonnette, S., Thomas, S., Riehm, C., Myer, G. D., & Diekfuss, J. A. (2022). Optimal Training for Movement Acquisition and Transfer: Does “Externally-Focused” Visual Biofeedback Promote Implicit Motor Learning? Journal of Athletic Training. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0166.22
Menescardi, C., Falco, C., Ros, C., Morales-Sánchez, V., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2019). Technical-tactical actions used to score in Taekwondo: An analysis of two medalists in two Olympic Championships. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2708. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02708
Mödinger, M., Woll, A., & Wagner, I. (2022). Video-based visual feedback to enhance motor learning in physical education—a systematic review. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 52, 447–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00782-y
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013). Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 21–53. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8
Vando, S., Haddad, M., Masala, D., Falese, L., & Padulo, J. (2014). Visual feedback training in young karate athletes. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 4(2), 137–140. https://doi.org/10.11138/MLTJ/2014.4.2.137v
Vando, S., Longo, S., Cavaggioni, L., Maurino, L., Larion, A., Invernizzi, P., & Padulo, J. (2021). The Effects of Short-Term Visual Feedback Training on the Stability of the Roundhouse Kicking Technique in Young Karatekas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18041961
Zhou, Y., Shao, W. D., Wang, L., Li, C., Wang, D., & Mei, Q. (2021). Effects of feedback on students’ motor skill learning in physical education: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126281
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physical Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
tps://emarefa.net/arcif/ar/تقرير-2025/
The Journal of Physical Education (JOPE) applies a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0), which lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. For more information, click the link : 